When the soft outer layers of wood underneath the bark are infected, vessels in the vascular system are blocked from transporting water and energy and cause the sudden wilting of the tree. It is not known to be present in the UK. [2] In Gloucester, New Jersey, 87% of London plane trees had died by 1949. The canker stain disease is caused by the fungus Ceratocystis fimbriata; it is able to produce suffering and even to bring to death those trees. It spread rapidly through Italy and into France and Switzerland. causes canker stain, also known as plane tree wilt, on several plane species, including London plane (Platanus x acerifolia) and its parents, P. orientalis and P. occidentalis. 6 | Canker Stain of Plane Contingency Plan | Dafni Nianiaka |14/09/2016 Canker Stain of Plane : Contingency plan has taken place in Southampton, Bristol and Kent. Visit the UK Government website for an explanation of the regulations applying to the importation of: The C. platani fungus is thought to have originated in North America. Of the Canal du Midi’s 42,000 plane trees, 25,000 have been cut down in 12 years. It was subsequently observed in plantations and in natural forests of Platanus occidentalis. 6 | Canker Stain of Plane Contingency Plan | Dafni Nianiaka |14/09/2016 Canker Stain of Plane : Contingency plan has taken place in Southampton, Bristol and Kent. What is plane wilt and what happens to the tree? Tolerant hybrid plane trees are being developed, and one variety has been released to the market in France. As of now, there is no know cure. Distribution. Infected trees exhibit sparse chlorotic (yellowing) foliage, and sometimes sunken, elongated or lens-shaped cankers (like oozing sores) in the bark (below). The fungus was introduced by the American landings at Provence, in the south of France. The trees are pruned during winter each year, to stop them becoming too large and giving them their unusual aesthetics. Once infected, trees die within three to seven years. Another serious ailment, this disease often causes trees to die within about 24 months of the first visible symptoms. 742. This is the preferred route for suspected sightings made on trade premises, such as nurseries and garden centres. (Please note: where contact details in the Pest Alert differ from those given on this page, please use those on this page.). London plane trees have been popular urban specimens for nearly 400 years, and with good reason. The disease has also been known as plane tree wilt. [2], Ceratocystis platani was first detected in Greece in 2003. In short, the legislation effectively banned the movement of plane plants into the UK unless they had been grown in an area free of canker stain of plane, and were accompanied by a plant passport certifying this. As mentioned, plane tree diseases tend to mirror those that afflict its close relative the Oriental plane and American sycamore tree. Plane wilt (also known as canker stain of plane) is a serious disease of plane trees (Platanus spp.) Lethal cankers on London plane trees and sycamore seen first as a black or brown coloration, generally in a lens-shaped pattern, on the smooth yellow or green bark. Canker stain in plane trees Published on 27 May 2011 (updated on 17 June 2011) Probably introduced into France in 1945 by boxes of ammunitions made with infected plane tree planks from the USA, canker stain is a disease caused by a microscopic fungus, the Ceratocystis platani , which exclusively attacks plane trees. [2], The disease was first found in Europe in Marseille, France in 1945, and is believed to have been transported there by US troops during Operation Dragoon towards the end of World War II. It is caused by the ascomycete fungus Ceratocystis platani (C. platani), which was formerly known as Ceratocystis platani f. platani and Ceratocystis fimbriata s. sp. They are valued for their shade, amenity value and toleration of air pollution and water shortages. See ‘Official action’ below for details of a survey conducted in 2014. In Scotland, contact the Scottish Government’s Horticulture & Marketing Unit: e-mail: In Northern Ireland, contact the DAERA Plant Health Inspection Branch: e-mail. It is a wound pathogen causing canker, wilt and then death of … Walter JM (1946) Canker stain of plane trees. Lethal cankers on London plane trees and sycamore seen first as a black or brown coloration, generally in a lens-shaped pattern, on the smooth yellow or green bark. Contaminated tree surgeons' and forestry workers' gloves, ropes, clothes and boots might also spread the fungus. (See 'Origins and background' below.). These can become roughened and black with age. 2) Gently remove the bark to identify the necrosis edge by means of a sterile knife or gouge. Cankers elongate rapidly, and expand sideways slowly to girdle the branch or trunk. Sycamore Canker Stain Sycamore canker stain is a fungal disease that affects sycamores and London plane trees in California. Further guidance on biosecurity is available from the UK Government website. New requirements were therefore introduced for plane plants being moved anywhere in the EU/UK. Beneath the cankers, the wood is stained bluish black or reddish brown in a wedge-shape (when viewed in cross section) with the point of the wedge extending toward the center of the trunk or branch. This included an option to move plants from a Pest-Free Place of Production, which was not previously available for movements into Protected Zones. The concern therefore is that if C. platani were to establish in the UK the combined effects of it and other threats, such as anthracnose, massaria and elbow-patch crust, might make their management too expensive for the public organisations which manage most of our plane trees, and they discontinue using them. Canker stain, Ceratocystis fimbriata f. sp. This knowledge mainly concerns the morphology, taxonomy and biology of the fungus and relations between host and parasite. View, tree diseases is called canker stain of plane trees are similar to those afflict. It is thought to be native to south-eastern USA and has spread throughout urban P. acerifolia populations planted in the large cities of the East coast. canker stain of plane trees caused by Ceratocystis fim-briata f.sp. Canker Stain. Canker stain of plane is present in several European countries, including Albania, … platani. C. platani infection causes pronounced staining of the xylem (the cells which transport fluid and nutrients up the tree from the roots), severe wilting and yellowing (chlorosis) of the leaves, and tree death. Staining can extend longitudinally (above and below) in the sapwood at a rate of 50–100cm per year. both in the United States and Europe. Canker stain, a disease caused by the fungus Ceratoycystis fimbriata f. platani has killed thousands of London plane trees (Plantanus X acerifolia) in northeastern United States since about 1926 (4). The rules set out in this guide help prevent the diseases Xylella fastidiosa, Ceratocystis platani (canker stain or plane) and Candidatus Phytoplasma ulmi … US Department of Agriculture Circular No. Ceratocystis platani is believed to be native to southeastern USA. Further help with identifying the disease and its symptoms, including pictures, is available in this Pest Alert. Treating against plane tree canker stain. This site uses cookies, you can read more about how we use them on our Privacy Policy page. It produces resilient, long-lived spores which spread the disease, and these can persist in soil and on un-sterilised pruning and cutting tools. platani. [R.A.M., 30, p. 244]), infection is believed to have appeared for the first time in 1926. The London Tree Officers Association (LTOA) is pleased to announce the publication of two new guidance documents relating to canker stain of plane (CSP, Ceratocystis platani). Willd. In Europe, both Oriental plane and London plane trees are seriously threatened by the invasive fungal pathogen Ceratocystis platani (Walter) Engelbr. SPREAD THROUGH EUROPE. [4], Media related to Ceratocystis platani at Wikimedia Commons, Rapid Pest Risk Analysis for Ceratocystis platani, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ceratocystis_platani&oldid=976898866, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 5 September 2020, at 18:41. [2] It has also been reported in Spain, Switzerland, Greece, Iran, and Armenia. Canker stain. Few other tree species are as well suited to the role currently fulfilled by plane trees. Alternatively, suspected sightings can be made directly to the relevant plant health authority. C. platani can infect most species of plane trees. Its spread can therefore be limited by sourcing plant material from regions free of the disease, and by practising strict biosecurity (plant hygiene), such as disinfecting tools with alcohol before moving on to the next tree. This disease affects the water-conducting vessels of plane trees causing wilting of the leaves and staining of the wood. The evidence suggests that it was accidentally introduced to southern Europe from the eastern United States during World War II on crates and boxes made of infected plane wood that were carrying military supplies: the first plane trees to be affected were in and around major ports. It forms violet blue stains that are necrotic, and this canker wedges itself in the wood, on the trunk and branches and cut off the sap flow. More recently, canker stain these cankers may be recognisable only as longitudinal cracks on larger, thicker barked trees, removal of the bark will reveal staining - hence the name ‘Canker stain of plane’. Ceratocystis Platani, responsible for Canker Stain of Plane (Platanus spp. The fungus is transferred from tree to tree by insects that feed on the sap. Larger agricultural and landscaping equipment such as terracing machinery should be jet-washed with water to remove any contaminated soil before moving to new sites. Although C. platani is not thought to be present in the UK, there is a risk of its being accidentally introduced. Canker stain London plane and sycamore trees have sparse foliage, small leaves, and elongated sunken cankers on the trunk and larger branches. When infection is localized on a primary branch or on the trunk of a young plant, the most obvious symptom is a sunken, necrotic, spindle-shaped area, with the main axis lying lengthways. C. platani is an aggressive fungal pathogen that attacks plane trees ( Platanus spp.) an area free of C. platani. most commonly on trunks, less frequently on branches, and occasionally. This fungal disease is not present in Australia, however, if established it would spread rapidly – mostly affecting London Plane Trees. Another serious ailment, this disease often causes trees to die within about 24 months of the first visible symptoms. It is a wound parasite; a pathogen that enters the tree via existing cuts and damage. 10. No positive findings of C. platani were detected in any of the trees inspected. The most devastating of these diseases is called canker stain, which is caused by the fungus Ceratocystis platani. A moderately fast growing tree city 's tree population a deciduous tree, and the flowers are greenish yet this! It is called Canker stain or “sycamore canker”. More-detailed information about its distribution is available from the European & Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) database. The canker stain disease is caused by the fungus Ceratocystis fimbriata; it is able to produce suffering and even to bring to death those trees. ), is a Quarantine parasite listed in Annex IIAII of Directive 2000/29/EC. When the soft outer layers of wood underneath the bark are infected, vessels in the vascular system are blocked from transporting water and energy and cause the sudden wilting of the tree. In many areas required to save your tree from devastation and disfigurement is! The images below, show the cracking visible as part of the canker, as well as the dark-coloured spots, characteristic of the fungus. where however plane trees are uncommon. These spots are very important in diagnosing canker stain infection even when the tree has been invisibly infected through the roots (Panconesi, 1981). fastidiosa from elm does not infect sycamore or vice versa. The epidemiologi-cal data highlight the destructiveness of the disease and its potential danger to all street plantings of Platanus acerifolia in Europe. The canker may at first just appear to be a darkened, flattened area on the wood. C. platani can persist for months or years in affected wood and roots, so removal and burning of all infected material is the safest form of control. [4] The fungus is a wound parasite which rapidly infects plane trees, causing disruption of water movement, cankers and eventually death. Cankers elongate rapidly, and expand sideways slowly to girdle the branch or trunk. When left in ideal conditions, Plane trees … On behalf of the Forestry Commission, the London Tree Officers' Association (LTOA) surveyed 2,979 London plane trees in 2014 for symptoms of C. platani infection. However, with the re-categorisation of this organism as a Union Quarantine Pest in December 2019, Protected Zone status was no longer applicable. It originates from the eastern United States. It is a wound pathogen causing canker, wilt and then death of … The disease is characterized by blackened, elongate cankers having. London plane and sycamore trees have sparse foliage, small leaves, and elongated sunken cankers on the trunk and larger branches. It originates from the eastern United States. The workshop “Canker Stain of Plane, a Training Workshop in Italy” was co-organized by CIRPAM (Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca per il restauro, il recupero e la valorizzazione dei Parchi storici e degli Alberi Monumentali), Treework Environmental Practice and De Rebus Plantarum, PAN. platani. ), a disease to which the native plane tree, or sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L.), Contaminated sawdust produced during pruning and sanitation fellings can contribute to disease spread. Of the Canal du Midi’s 42,000 plane trees, 25,000 have been cut down in 12 years. Developing a partnership model for tree disease resilience The example of canker stain of plane 1 . & T.C. [1] The fungus was previously considered to be part of the Ceratocystis fimbriata species As the disease progresses and cankers enlarge, water sprouts develop below the cankers. (differing from the species only in its pathogenicity to Platanus spp. The new measures include more stringent requirements, and are based on the earlier Protected Zone arrangements. ), one of the most widely used ornamental species world‐wide, are seriously threatened by the invasive fungal pathogen Ceratocystis … Until December 2019 the UK had European Union Protected Zone status for plane material to provide extra safeguards against accidental introductions of this disease on imported plane plants or wood. The disease’s presence in our near neighbours and trading partners in continental Europe heightens the risk of its being accidentally introduced into the UK. The example of canker stain of plane 22 . platani. Among them is London plane (Platanus x acerifolia, also known as Platanus x hispanica), which is widely grown in British towns and cities. The key indicators which would trigger a response are findings or reports of: the presence of an infected tree in a nursery; Despite a range of preventive measures and careful felling of the affected trees, the whole population of plane trees east of Carcassonne is practically condemned. Walter JM (1946) Canker stain of plane trees. [1], Ceratocystis platani causes a disease in plane trees known as "Canker stain of plane" (UK English) or "Canker of sycamore" (US English). The disease has long been known to destroy plane trees in southern United States as well (3). 10. The inner bark and the cambial region of the cankered area were discoloured bluish‐black and the underlying wood stained dark reddish‐brown to bluish‐black. Webster RK, Butler EE (1967) A morphological and biological concept of the species Ceratocystis fimbriata. Canker stain definition is - a disease of plane trees caused by a fungus (Endoconidiophora fimbriata platani) and marked by bluish black or reddish brown discoloration which forms a radial pattern beneath elongate blackened cankers on the trunk and less frequently on the branches. Its symptoms include reduced foliage, stunted leaf growth, and the appearance of elongated, sunken cankers on the trunk and older branches. These should be clear, well-lit, close-up pictures of symptoms. Although it has not been detected in the UK, it has been reported in several European countries, with serious losses of Please note that TreeAlert and TreeCheck both require photographs to be uploaded. Ceratocystis platani is a fungus that causes a disease on plane trees in the genus Platanus. ), is a Quarantine parasite listed in Annex IIAII of Directive 2000/29/EC. complex as Ceratocystis fimbriata f. After its detection in Italy (Panconesi, 1972) the parasite was identified on urban plane plantings in other European countries, first 4 Canker stain of plane trees Journal of Plant Pathology (1999), 81 (1), 3-15 01 Panconesi xp 21-09-2004 9:55 Pagina 4 The killing of cambial tissue causes dark, lenticular spots on the face of the bark, which are often detectable at a considerable distance from the infection site. The cankers occur. The disease can also be transferred through root contacts between neighbouring trees, and by water. US Department of Agriculture Circular No. Infected sycamore and London planes have sparse foliage, small leaves, and elongated sunken cankers on the trunk and larger branches. 3) Screw a sterile increment borer tangentially (not radially as usually) to cross at least one necrosis. Ceratocystis platani is a quarantine organism causing canker stain of plane trees, a lethal disease of Platanus spp. SLB is a known vector of Ceratocystis Fimbriata, also known as “Canker Stain”. Although its progress through France was initially slower, the fungus has been spreading northwards at a much faster rate in recent years. The workshop “Canker Stain of Plane, a Training Workshop in Italy” was co-organized by CIRPAM (Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca per il restauro, il recupero e la valorizzazione dei Parchi storici e degli Alberi Monumentali), Treework Environmental Practice and De Rebus Plantarum, PAN. Canker stains is a lethal fungal affliction of the sycamore tree, caused by the Ceratocystis fimbriata. Ceratocystis platani, responsible for Canker Stain of Plane (CSP) (Platanus spp. The first is called Canker stain of plane: A guide to prevention and is a brief reminder for tree officers and contractors of the importance of biosecurity in the fight to prevent Ceratocystis from entering the UK. The 42,000 plane trees (82% of the trees lining the banks) are being decimated by canker stain. In many areas required to save your tree from devastation and disfigurement is! Canker stain, Ceratocystis fimbriata f. sp. 2) Gently remove the bark to identify the necrosis edge by means of a sterile knife or gouge. [2] It was elevated to the level of a new species in 2005. platani. On 21 April 2020, following the spread of the disease into northern France, new national measures came into effect to strengthen these protections further. They spread and in short notice will kill the plane tree. The trees are pruned during winter each year, to stop them becoming too large and giving them their unusual aesthetics. They are remarkably hardy and tolerant of a variety of conditions. Ceratocystis platani is the causal agent of canker stain of plane trees, a lethal disease able to kill mature trees in one or two successive growing seasons. Canker stain of plane is a disease which can affect several species of plane trees (trees in the Platanus genus). Plane tree planting material, other than seeds, intended for planting must now have been grown throughout their lifetime in a pest-free area, i.e. In Europe, both Oriental plane ( Platanus orientalis L.), a native species with south eastern range, and London plane ( Platanus × acerifolia (Ait.) Read our operational statement about COVID-19, Not present in United KingdomNotifiable – see ‘Report a sighting’ belowScientific name of causal agent - Ceratocystis platani. The pathogen is now present in most of Italy. [4] The disease can cause sudden death of a portion of the crown, and trees of 30–40 cm diameter may die within 2–3 years of infection. Ceratocystis Platani, responsible for Canker Stain of Plane (Platanus spp. This latter pathway is thought to be the main means by which the famous avenue of plane trees bordering the Canal du Midi in France became infected. Ceratocystis platani causes a disease in plane trees known as "Canker stain of plane" (UK English) or "Canker of sycamore" (US English). ), is a Quarantine parasite listed in Annex IIAII of Directive 2000/29/EC. the European & Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) database, daera-ni.gov.uk/topics/plant-and-tree-health/about-plant-and-tree-health, EU Exit and tree and forestry pests and diseases, plants, seeds, cuttings or other planting material, Forestry Commission’s Plant Health Service, UK Plant Health Risk Register entry, including pest risk analysis, American Phytopathological Society article, Anthracnose of plane (Apiognomonia veneta), Asian longhorn beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis), Bleeding Canker of Horse Chestnut (Pseudomonas syringae pv aesculi), Canker stain of plane (Ceratocystis platani), Citrus longhorn beetle (Anoplophora chinensis), Conifer root and butt rot (Heterobasidion annosum), Dothistroma needle blight (Dothistroma septosporum), Elbow-patch crust of plane (Fomitiporia punctata), Elm yellows (Candidatus Phytoplasma ulmi), Emerald ash borer beetle (Agrilus planipennis), Great spruce bark beetle (Dendroctonus micans), Horse chestnut leaf miner (Cameraria ohridella), Larger eight-toothed European spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus), Neonectria canker of fir (Neonectria neomacrospora), Oak processionary moth (Thaumetopoea processionea), Oriental chestnut gall wasp (Dryocosmus kuriphilus), Phytophthora austrocedri disease of juniper and cypress, Phytophthora disease of alder (Phytophthora alni), Pine processionary moth (Thaumetopoea pityocampa), Pitch canker of pine (Fusarium circinatum), Red-necked longhorn beetle (Aromia bungii), Siberian silk moth (Dendrolimus sibiricus), Sweet chestnut blight (Cryphonectria parasitica), Thousand cankers disease (Geosmithia morbida), Two-lined chestnut borer (Agrilus bilineatus), Two-spotted oak buprestid (Agrilus biguttatus), Western, eastern and black-headed budworms, Report suspected sightings in Great Britain to us using, Report suspected sightings in Northern Ireland to the Irish plant health authorities using, In England and Wales, contact the local office of the Plant Health & Seeds Inspectorate (PHSI) of the. Infection commonly occurs through spores entering fresh wounds on healthy plane trees, such as those made by wind damage, birds, insects, and tree-care tools such as saws and knives. The disease has long been known to destroy plane trees in southern United … A core strand will focus on tree diseases, and tree and soil health and resilience. Canker stain, a disease caused by the fungus Ceratoycystis fimbriata f. platani has killed thousands of London plane trees (Plantanus X acerifolia) in northeastern United States since about 1926 (4). [2] In Marseille, where the first phase of infection started in 1945, 1850 Plane trees were killed between 1960 and 1972 (about 13% of the initial population). We therefore encourage tree and ground-care professionals, plane tree owners and managers, and the public, to be vigilant for signs of it and to report suspected sightings immediately. People receiving or handling imported plane material should be especially vigilant. This pathogen poses a significant risk to plane trees in the UK because plane is widely used as an urban amenity species in parks and public gardens, and alongside streets and roads. The disease has also been reported in California. Canker stain of plane Dealing with an outbreak A guidance note for tree officers/managers and contractors 1 Introduction 1.1 Ceratocystis platani (canker stain of plane, or CSP) is a fungal vascular pathogen which affects the genus Platanus, causing infected trees to die. Ceratocystis platani causes a disease in plane trees known as "Canker stain of plane" (UK English) or "Canker of sycamore" (US English). Endoconidiophora fimbriata f. platani. The new requirements apply to imports to the UK from Albania, Armenia, Switzerland, Turkey, and the United States and the EU-27. In all cases, provide precise details of the location and, if possible, clear, well lit, close-up photographs of the symptoms. Phytopathology 42, 236-239. Walter JM, Rex EG, Schreiber R (1952) The rate of progress and destructiveness of canker stain of plane-trees. There are unconfirmed reports from some other European countries. 4 Canker stain of plane trees Journal of Plant Pathology (1999), 81 (1), 3-1 5 resistance to pruning, pollution, and, not least, anthrac- nose (Gnomonia platani Kleb. In subsequent years the disease was reported in most Atlantic seaboard states. Search terms in quotes will enable a more specific search e.g. However, this harsh pruning makes them vulnerable to canker stain and other fungal diseases, especially in the wet Spring months. Some of the 'Additional resources' listed below also have illustrations. In September 2003, dead and dying plane trees (Platanus orientalis ) were observed in seven different localities of the Messinia prefecture of the south‐western Peloponnese, Greece.Cankers were found on both trunks and branches. [2] At Forte dei Marmi, one of the oldest infection centres in Italy, 90% of all plane trees died of the disease in the twenty-year period from 1972-1991. Resilient the London plane tree may be, it is not without its share of problems, specifically disease. Sycamore Canker Stain Sycamore canker stain is a fungal disease that affects sycamores and London plane trees in California. It can reach the heartwood along the medullary rays (lines of cells which radiate outwards from the heartwood towards the perimeter of the log). 742. For unknown reasons the disease seems to have become less significant in the United States in recent years, but Greece and south-eastern France have experienced serious losses of shade trees. What is plane wilt and what happens to the tree? More than half of the sites surveyed included potential hosts planted during the previous 10 years, and the sites ranged in size from a minimum of 20 to, in some cases, more than 200 trees.
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