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Flak: myth versus reality with Donald Nijboer | Hush-Kit [21][22], In 1936, the Air Ministry took over Bawdsey Manor in Suffolk to further develop their prototype radar systems that would emerge the next year as Chain Home. One of them was an anti-aircraft shell that had spring-loaded wings that would pop out and slice through enemy aircraft. These are enough to make up for its cons. The tables below give the armor penetration figures of the most common German guns used during the Second World War. When the reflected signal was in phase, the oscillator amplitude would increase and the oscillator's plate current would also increase. 50 Rounds of 115gr FMJ 9mm Ammo by Winchester. In many ways the term gun-laying was a misnomer when applied to the GL I. Warpath Units. most expensive cities in atlanta; high neckerchief rdr2; english toothpaste brands; iphone unlock and stay on lock screen The gun is the most visible part, but the whole system must work well to make the gun effective. As early as September 1939, John Cockcroft began a development effort at Pye Ltd. to develop tubes capable of withstanding these much greater forces. The Germans and the Allies, to a certain extent, used the number of enemy aircraft shot down by fighters and those by flak as a measurement as to its effectiveness. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". That is exac. Darius has done some amazing work researching this vehicle and although he admits there are a few small areas that are still difficult to 100% accurately ascertain, dimensionally . 4 How many shells does a flak gun fire per minute? [67] [68]. Flak can refer to criticism or worse, explosive shells from an antiaircraft weapon. The most developmentally advanced of the German acoustic fuze designs was the Rheinmetall-Borsig Kranich (German for Crane) which was a mechanical device utilizing a diaphragm tone filter sensitive to frequencies between 140 and 500Hz connected to a resonating vibratory reed switch used to fire an electrical igniter. unopened, unused, Kit: UPC: : Does not apply . The Columbia survived, but 13 crew members were killed. Ah. Images of CAD renderings can be found below. German 8.8cm Sprgr.Patr L/4.5 (Kz) | Replica Arms Manufacturer 3.7 cm Flak 18/36/37/43 | Military Wiki | Fandom Impact and timed rounds. Also, where the crewmen of these planes were most likely to be hit. Shrapnel wounds became so common that eventually any wound from a metal fragment tended to be called "shrapnel" in general: from hang grenades, from debris thrown by an explosion, etc. A minor problem encountered by the British was that the fuze was sensitive enough to detonate the shell if it passed too close to a seabird and a number of seabird "kills" were recorded. "[32], A key improvement was introduced by Lloyd Berkner, who developed a system using separate transmitter and receiver circuits. Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. [9] A breadboard circuit was constructed and the concept was tested in the laboratory by moving a sheet of tin at various distances. With the invention of Jet fighters, he explained to me that the flak guns had become obsolete so they had to be repurposed. As the shell approaches a reflecting object, an interference pattern is created. For sale: 88mm - $100,000 - $150,000. Pen and Sword, 2014, p.42, Last edited on 24 February 2023, at 23:27, Telecommunications Research Establishment, The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Lab, was received by British Intelligence as part of the Oslo Report, Office of Scientific Research and Development, Allied technological cooperation during World War II, "Allen V. Astin Is Dead at 79; Headed Bureau of Standards", The Proximity Fuse - Secret Weapon of World War 2, Critical Challenge: A History of the Proximity Fuze presented, Anti-Aircraft Radio Proximity Fuze (19391942) (conceptual and prototype design work), "Historic Properties Report: Harry Diamond Laboratories, Maryland and Satellite Installations Woodbridge Research Facility, Virginia and Blossom Point Field Test Facility, Maryland", "Request for information about the Isleta Pueblo Ordnance Impact Area", "Calculate the Value of $1.00 in 1945. Make a 1:1 scale print and you will shurely understand why this cartridge type deserves all due respect. Coilgun - Official Barotrauma Wiki It is estimated that it increases the lethality by 5 to 10 times, compared to these other fuzes.[4][5]. For alternate autocannon ammunition, see the Special Munitions category. The 3.7 cm Flak 18/36/37/43 was a series of anti-aircraft cannon produced by Nazi Germany that saw widespread service in the Second World War. A timer fuze can be set to explode a few meters above the ground but the timing is vital and usually requires observers to provide information for adjusting the timing. Having a flexible doctrine, the Germans used their anti-aircraft pieces in ground support . Influence firing mechanisms often use a combination of acoustic and magnetic induction receivers. However, British scientists were uncertain whether a fuze could be developed for anti-aircraft shells, which had to withstand much higher accelerations than rockets. When the cell current changed a certain amount in a certain time interval, the detonation was triggered. The figure of 16,000 rounds of German 88mm ammunition being required to shoot down a heavy bomber is often quoted to show just how wasteful and ineffective antiaircraft fire really was. Tanks and armor couldnt maneuver through the forest, and the Germans had secured all the roads. In-Store Only. The B Mark VI incendiary bullets were first issued in June 1940 and tested operationally in the Hawker Hurricane and Supermarine Spitfire in the air battles over Dunkirk. [64] [65], During WW2, the Germans had at least five acoustic fuzes for anti-aircraft use under development, though none saw operational service. 'That's the least expectation' - Ben Pearson lays out ambitions at The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. [64] [65], 120mm HE mortar shell fitted with proximity fuze, 120mm HE mortar shell fitted with M734 proximity fuze, 60mm HE mortar shell fitted with proximity fuze. This process continued for the last 10 months of the war, robbing German cities of vital flak defences. But what about people. This meant a total of 80 rounds for M1 Garand riflemen. The distance between the fuze and the target was not constant but rather constantly changing due to the high speed of the fuze and any motion of the target. A German artillery crew relaxes next to their 88 mm gun. U.S. and German Field Artillery in World War II: A Comparison Combat Extended Wiki | Fandom how does flak ammunition work - tamojuntocefetmg.org These guns have enough damage potential to down a single-engine aircraft with a single shot, with 2 or 3 needed to down larger aircraft. It is possible that this is a mistake by the author of the report, and that his is intended to refer to limbered guns . Incendiary projectiles, in particular those intended for armor penetration, are more effective if they explode after penetrating a surface layer, such that they explode inside the target. Sure, in UT99 there is some sort of piston that pushes ammo into the firing chamber, but it's placement makes it impossible to get access to ammo from the magazine, there is no space for that. Vote! Welcome to the WWII Forums! One hopes that they were prepared for a . Before you . Although flak jackets offered some basic protection against small caliber bullets and shell fragments (which was valued by their users), ultimately they proved to be less effective than hoped. Dnepro Model DM3518-1/35 German 88mm FLAK 36 ammo ammo box scale model The Flak 88 was a legendary WWII-era anti-air and an anti-tank gun used by Nazi Germany and their allies.Jul 22, 2018, Four were the different FlaKs produced and improved from 1933 until the end of WWII, 8.8 cm. Create an account to follow your favorite communities and start taking part in conversations. Incendiary ammunition is a type of ammunition that contains a chemical that, upon hitting a hard obstacle, has the characteristic of causing fire/setting flammable materials in the vicinity of the impact on fire. Answer (1 of 18): A good way of describing flak is a mid-air grenade. The tests were to be conducted over two days, but the testing stopped when drones were destroyed early on the first day. Magnetic sensing can only be applied to detect huge masses of iron such as ships. AA guns are actually rather effective against soft ground targets, too. [10] These included acoustic fuzes triggered by engine sound, one based on electrostatic fields developed by Rheinmetall Borsig, and radio fuzes. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. [1] Incendiary bullets called "Buckingham" ammunition were supplied to early British night fighters for use against military zeppelins threatening the British Isles. Acting like a normal bullet in flight, then after a short delay, it will explode into 5 more bullets. AA shrapnel also killed and wounded tens of thousands of aircrew, significantly reducing the overall efficiency and morale.. The device described in World War II patent[63] works as follows: The shell contains a micro-transmitter which uses the shell body as an antenna and emits a continuous wave of roughly 180220MHz. By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. No wonder they abbreviated it.). Indeed, even before the kamikaze appeared the US Navy made major improvement to their ships AA defenses with better radar direction, improved AA directors and gunsights and most importantly, more guns. Notice: Function is_feed was called incorrectly.Conditional query tags do not work before the query is run. The different roles that artillery ammunition has had to fill on the battlefield has led to many different designs and types of ammunition, some of which are discussed here And while artillery has been used by armies for hundreds of years, this article focuses on "modern" ammunition (post-1870). Step 1: Loading. The 3D kit is a Sondernhnger Sd. Ammunition - Official Foxhole Wiki ", Oruzhiye Podvodnogo Udara (Underwater Weapons), "The Development of the Radio Proximity Fuze", Naval Historical Centre Radio Proximity (VT) Fuzes, The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proximity_fuze&oldid=1141413451, It was important in defense from Japanese, It was an important part of the radar-controlled anti-aircraft batteries that finally neutralized the German, This page was last edited on 24 February 2023, at 23:27. In May 1940 a formal proposal from Butement, Edward S. Shire, and Amherst F.H. The return signal is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the distance. Flak jacket Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster Our aviation shop ishereand our Twitter account here@Hush_Kit. New comments cannot be posted and votes cannot be cast. When I say sheer firepower, in January 1944 20,625 flak guns were protecting the Reich, and even a German Flak officer estimated 4,000 x 88mm shells were needed to down one bomber. The signals were in-phase one instant and out-of-phase a few hundred microseconds later. It's called a hammer because that's how it works: like a conventional hammer driving a nail into wood, it uses a relatively large mass pushing forward onto a relatively small mass (the firing pin), so it magnifies force. [41] In addition to extreme acceleration, artillery shells were spun by the rifling of the gun barrels to close to 30,000 rpm, creating immense centrifugal force. Similarly, incendiary ammunition was used against non-rigid observation balloons. Notes. e Weapons. I would say the Germans and the Allies had guns and systems that were equal in effectiveness. Furthermore, they were required to carry written orders on their person when engaging these targets. This signal is sent through a band-pass filter, amplified, and triggers the detonation when it exceeds a given amplitude. And with all that jungle, he said nothing shredded them better than Flak fire and napalm fire. Shell Guide - Official From the Depths Wiki Due to their specialist nature they tend to be more expensive and larger than their standard counterparts. But that number is misleading. [4], Belgian inventor de Wilde, who was living in Switzerland, invented a new bullet in 1938. It found use in both the Army and the Navy, and was employed in the defense of London. Pilots were permitted to deploy them against only zeppelins and balloons. Which nation was best at using AAA and why? First large scale production of tubes for the new fuzes[9] was at a General Electric plant in Cleveland, Ohio formerly used for manufacture of Christmas-tree lamps. how does flak ammunition work - construccionesryc.cl Over the course of the German V-1 campaign, the proportion of flying bombs flying through the coastal gun belt that were destroyed rose from 17% to 74%, reaching 82% during one day. It was the invention of the VT radar proximity fuse. For sale: 88mm - $100,000 - $150,000 - warhistoryonline.com Working with Western Electric Company and Raytheon Company, miniature hearing-aid tubes were modified to withstand this extreme stress. Proximity fuzes are designed for targets such as planes, missiles, ships at sea, and ground forces. As opposed to earlier designs, the B Mark VI was a true incendiary rather than tracer ammunition. In December of that year the British Air Ministry purchased the design. Life on Royal Navy aircraft carrier(1960), Hush-Kit Joe talking 10 favouriteaircraft, The case for the P-47 Thunderbolt being the greatest fighter of the Second WorldWar, The Republic P-47 Thunderbolt MafiaFamily, 10 things you need to know about the P-47Thunderbolt. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrapnel_shell. They were used in land-based artillery in the South Pacific in 1944. Which aircraft type could withstand the most damage? Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Butement, W. A. S., and P. E. Pollard; "Coastal Defence Apparatus", Butement, W. A. S., et al. In World War II how did flak work - Occupation Pride Don't Panic! Early field testing connected the circuit to a thyratron trigger operating a tower-mounted camera which photographed passing aircraft to determine distance of fuze function. A common form used in modern air-to-air weapons uses a laser as an optical source and time-of-flight for ranging. Before the invention of the proximity fuze, detonation was induced by direct contact, a timer set at launch, or an altimeter. Most of the official Allied histories downplayed its role. How much is it worth today? Both are surrounded by an oval oak leaf wreath. It was first tested as a part of a detonation device for bombs that were to be dropped over bomber aircraft, part of the UK's Air Ministry's "bombs on bombers" concept. Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts. Thompson was sent to the British Air Defence Establishment based on the second of the two concepts. [9] Tuve's group was known as Section T, not APL, throughout the war. The fabricated sniper rifle also doesn't need a scope attachment since it comes as part of the gun . [44] One tube was an oscillator connected to an antenna; it functioned as both a transmitter and an autodyne detector (receiver). There are currently 3 Camps in the game: Camp Liberty, Vanguard Division, and Martyrs Watch. Luftwaffe flak batteries could be assigned to the army at any time and thousands were. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. Firing Coilguns draws power from connected Supercapacitors, as well as ammunition . By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. They made the Allied heavy artillery far more devastating, as all the shells now exploded just before hitting the ground. Like other Turrets, Periscopes are typically used to aim and fire Coilguns. ). Though deadly, the effective range of these bullets was only 350 yards (320 m), as the phosphorus charge burned quickly. Allied AA defenses were also effective, one example being the battles against the V-1 flying bombs and the fact that they chose to defend Antwerp against the V-1 using AA guns along is testament to their effectiveness. Why do I stay the same weight no matter what I do? Log in or Sign up to interact with the community. 4,000 guns were made, but they only really had value as propaganda. This design was used in both the British No44 Pistol and the German Rheinmetall-Borsig BAZ 55A fuzes. Focused: Has a tighter spread for focusing far-away enemies or tight groups. Exiting that black smoke is the invisible shrapnel that will hit the aircraft. [38], While working for a defense contractor in the mid-1940s, Soviet spy Julius Rosenberg stole a working model of an American proximity fuze and delivered it to Soviet intelligence. This is due to the same effect. . All aircraft were susceptible to flak. While "flak" refers to anti-aircraft fire, the concept of proximity fusing and shrapnel isn't restricted to aircraft. Thanks for reading my nosense about the flak cannon. Its interesting that we continue to use the term todaycatching flak at the office as one example., Flak in the Second World War was very effective. It is used in mines and torpedoes. We grilled Donald Nijboer author of Flak in World War II, about the dreaded flak. Gun batteries aboard cruiser USSCleveland(CL-55) tested proximity-fuzed ammunition against radio-controlled drone aircraft targets over Chesapeake Bay. The flak also blew up the trees, which created additional deadly shrapnel. The belt had 10 pockets. This causes a small cycling of the radiated power and consequently the oscillator supply current of about 200800Hz, the Doppler frequency. How Ammunition Works | GunGoddess.com Flak-damaged bombers were forced out of formation, making them easy prey (for both Allied and Axis fighter forces) for marauding fighters. Absolute yikes. Flak (1944) - YouTube Upon being triggered, the thyratron conducted a large current that set off the electrical detonator. Please see ooredoo . (in an allied country). I think the TF2 Engineer summed it up perfectly: "How am I going to stop some big mean mother hubbard from tearing me a structurally superfluous new behind? In the post-World War II era, a number of new proximity fuze systems were developed, including radio, optical, and other means. Anointed item effects are usually activated for a short time at the end of the action skill duration. [9][33][34], In just two days, Diamond was able to come up with a new fuze design and managed to demonstrate its feasibility through extensive testing at the Naval Proving Ground at Dahlgren, Virginia. I can't remember where I read it now but in the early days of World War Two, the British Air Ministry was deluged with well-meaning crackpot ideas. The Japanese did not develop a robust AA defensive system. My first 3D printed model: 1/35 Sondernhnger Sd. Ah. 56/57 single axle against light targets such as infantry and non-armored vehicles. It was from the cannon shells and incendiary bullets that had hit my machineBullets were going between my legs, and I remember seeing a bright flash of an incendiary bullet going past my leg into the gas tankThen a little red tongue licked out inquiringly from under the gas tank in front of my feet and became a hot little bonfire in one corner of the cockpit.". British tests were then carried out with "unrotated projectiles," in this case rockets. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. [48] Testing also occurred at Aberdeen Proving Ground in Maryland, where about 15,000 bombs were fired. [46] Captain S. R. Shumaker, Director of the Bureau of Ordnance's Research and Development Division, coined the term to be descriptive without hinting at the technology. [65], Hydroacoustic influence is widely used as a detonation mechanism for naval mines and torpedoes. As long as you do not have any new information, there were no apcr shots for the 3,7 cm Flak 43. Each pocket could carry 1 en bloc clip with 8 rounds for the M1 Rifle or 2 stripper clips with 5 rounds for the M1903 rifle. The weapon was deployed on German tanks, as an antitank gun, an assault gun, and for antiaircraft purposes.Mar 8, 2016. Length of the cartridge case is 139mm, the body diameter of the shell 20 mm. After so many seconds, the shell would detonate like a times bomb. [17], The fuze was later found to be able to detonate artillery shells in air bursts, greatly increasing their anti-personnel effects.[18]. The Flakpanzer 341 is armed with 2 37mm FlaK 44 cannons side by side in the turret. The versatile 88mm cannon was Nazi Germany's main heavy anti-aircraft gun, also known as the Flugabwehrkanone (meaning "aircraft defense cannon"), which was soon shortened to "flak." In mid-November 1939, a German neon lamp tube and a design of a prototype proximity fuze based on capacitive effects was received by British Intelligence as part of the Oslo Report. In their place were hastily trained factory workers, schoolboys, prisoners of war, older men not fit for combat and by the end of the war they introduced the first batteries manned by women for the defence of Berlin. M2 .50 Caliber Machine Gun | Military.com The .308 is the most preferred caliber for snipers all over the world. The story of flak in World War II is one of those forgotten stories of World War II. This pattern changes with shrinking distance: every half wavelength in distance (a half wavelength at this frequency is about 0.7meters), the transmitter is in or out of resonance. If the shells exude at 5k feet couldn't bombers fly safer at 3k? Though the days of peasant armies wielding them may be over, these archaic weapons are still legal in parts of the U.S., although not in the states of New York, New Jersey, California, Massachusetts or Pennsylvania. Flak in World War II takes the reader from the invasion of Poland in 1939 right to the last Japanese aircraft shot down by AA fire in August 1945. It was a game changer and fortunately for the US Navy they had it when the kamikaze appeared. How many shells does a flak gun fire per minute? You are at a gateway to WWII discussion, research, exploration, & analysis. Its interesting at how effective the flak was but still a gradual attrition and conversely how difficult it was for Allied Bombers ability to find and to destroy the targets they wanted ( which then evolved into area bombing) but they still threw enormous resources into strategic bombing. [14][15][16] Adm. Lewis L. Strauss wrote that, .mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}, One of the most original and effective military developments in World War II was the proximity, or 'VT', fuze. 3. Whats the difference back then to your description? How the heck does/would the flak cannon work : r/unrealtournament Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Due to the forward speed of the bomber, bombs fitted with pressure detonators would all explode at about the same height above ground along a horizontal trajectory. She carried 24-pound ammunition shells and other supplies across the rugged, remote terrain of the Korean Peninsula that was inaccessible to trucks. In 1944 the number of 128mm rounds per aircraft shootdown was 3,000, less than one-fifth the number expended by its 88mm counterpart. Great story. Join in if you dare! Flak proved a huge benefit to fighter pilots assigned to attack incoming raids. 31. Image courtesy the German Federal Archive. U.S. General George S. Patton credited the introduction of proximity fuzes with saving Lige and stated that their use required a revision of the tactics of land warfare. It not just one or the other.. Flakpanzer 341 - War Thunder Wiki When the target was far away, little of the oscillator's transmitted energy would be reflected to the fuze. Proximity fusing is used on several types of ordinance to cause an airburst and greatly increase lethality against soft targets. A cartridge for a shotgun is called a shell. The Germans used flak guns against the 82nd and allied infantry during the battles in the Ardenne. The result was a heterodyne beat frequency which corresponded to the velocity difference. How effective was it in WW2? The units come from different Camps in Warpath. This is due to the same effect. One may use a timed fuse in the shell. EDIT: And it's only used against airborne targets because airplanes have to be light-weight in order to be able to fly; a cloud of tiny pellets like that will shred an airplane, but won't do much against a tank or battleship or other such armored targets. To craft you need a weapons box and some materials (Iron, wood, and gunpowder mostly). Making the right shell for your gun's role and gauge can be difficult as the sheer number of options is staggering. Is paralegal higher than legal assistant? 2,4 or 10m (7,13 or 33ft)] above ground that are selected by gun crews. [9] Information was also shared with Canada in 1940 and the National Research Council of Canada delegated work on the fuze to a team at the University of Toronto. NOTE: Click on images to view larger size. or 7k? Not FLAK in particular but I wanted to clear up a bit about fragmentation shells in general. The obvious choice would be the Luftwaffes AA defenses, but I would point to the US Navys development of the VT fuse or radar equipped proximity fuse. The reverse side is maker marked 'A' for the manufacturing firm of Assmann. [29] As Tuve later put it in an interview: "We heard some rumors of circuits they were using in the rockets over in England, then they gave us the circuits, but I had already articulated the thing into the rockets, the bombs and shell. They provide a more sophisticated trigger mechanism than the common contact fuze or timed fuze. Flak Ammo is a type of bullet that spreads in flight, making it good for medium-ranged combat. Eine andere -Site. In his words, "The one outstanding characteristic in this situation is the fact that success of this type of fuze is not dependent on a basic technical idea all of the ideas are simple and well known everywhere. It was understood that the limited application was not ideal; a proximity fuze would be useful on all types of artillery and especially anti-aircraft artillery, but those had very high accelerations. Luckily the much higher altitude B-17s ( which were designed to fly around 30,000 ft and above and a bomb sight that was supposed to work at that level) were friendlys to land at the airbase. Fuzes of this type can be defeated by degaussing, using non-metal hulls for ships (especially minesweepers) or by magnetic induction loops fitted to aircraft or towed buoys. These early forms were also known as "smoke tracers" because of this.