For example, C. sporogenes spores only release pathogens in tumor-specific vectors, having potential to be beneficial in cancer treatments aiming to reduce damage to non-cancerous cells within the host (20). "Glucose metabolism in Clostridium sporogenes and Clostridium sticklandii bacteria.” Mikrobiologiia 52.6 (1983): 869. Speciation is based mostly on cellular morphology… Web. C. sordellii bacteremia and sepsis occur rarely. Microbiology 1.3 (2003): 237. Although C. sporogenes is isolated from infections, these infections are usually polymicrobial and the roll, if any, of this species as a pathogen in such infections has not been established Gram stain. C. sporogenes can be effectively transformed with a plasmid expressing prodrug-converting enzyme (PCE) that cleaves nontoxic, pre-administered prodrug CB1954 into its cytotoxic form which lyses solid tumor at the hypoxic core (11). Log in here for access. C. sporogenes can be found in a variety of places including: soil, sediment in both marine and freshwater environments, preserved meat and dairy products, fecal matter, snake venom, and infections in domestic animals and humans (1). It is the reason many people are afraid to preserve food in jars because you cannot see or smell this bacteria. 16S rDNA sequence analysis shows a 99.7% sequence similarity between Clostridium sporogenes and Clostridium botulinum strain A. Similarity between C. sporogenes and C. botulinum is furthered by the 2,016 orthologous genes shared between the two. There are many Clostridium genus' out in the world. (klos-trid′ē-ŭm ) [L. Clostridium, a genus name, fr. Motility plays an important role in the bacterium’s reaction to stimuli. Conventional identification of these microorganisms is in part laborious, not always reliable, time consuming or does not always distinguish different species, i.e., C. botulinum and C. sporogenes. C. perfringens is commonly found on raw meat and poultry. What is that you might ask? To learn more, visit our Earning Credit Page. Have you ever contracted Clostridium sporogenes? Therefore, C. sporogenes is the same bacteria as C. botulinum in all other respects except, it doesn't have toxic effects. | {{course.flashcardSetCount}} The same specificity was demonstrated in the transformation through conjugation of C sporogenes with cytosine deaminase (CD) plasmid, whose product can cleave the pre-administered 5-flourocytosine (5-FC) into the cytotoxic 5-flourouracil (5-FU) for tumor lysis (15). study Clostridium sporogenes is a Gram-positive, rod shaped bacteria that exhibits spore production and flagellar motility (1). The experiment was repeated three times over the period of seventy days, and no microenvironmental shifts were observed in the tumor area (11). Clostridium sporogenes, or C. sporogenes for short, is a Gram-positive bacteria. Infection usually occurs through an open wound after a car crash or other trauma. they contain an open reading frame of 300 or more bases within the gene sequence), and 80 genes have been identified to encode RNAs (10 rRNA genes and 70 tRNA genes). Combined administration of C. sporogenes with enzyme for antitumor prodrug cleavage is currently being investigated as a promising and low-toxicity treatment in cancer therapy (14) (15). 's' : ''}}. [1] ABIS Encyclopedia. C. sporogenes is very similar to Clostridium botulinum, which you might have heard of on the T.V. Six different genes that encode selenocysteine-containing proteins are located within the genome. "Indole‐3‐propionic acid, a melatonin‐related molecule, protects hepatic microsomal membranes from iron‐induced oxidative damage: Relevance to cancer reduction.” Journal of cellular biochemistry 81.3 (2001): 507-513. * The toxin may be released by intestinal bacteria spores (C. botulinum) or ingested (canned foods etc). Clostridium sporogenes are rod-shaped bacteria, typically linked in long chains, that are Gram-positive. PMC. Commonly found in soil, marine sediment and mammalian intestinal tracts, these gram-positive bacilli are known to cause infections ranging from cellulitis to septicemia. PMC. This microbe is a bacterium that is soil born and can be found in the intestines of animals. Study.com has thousands of articles about every Therefore, C. sporogenes is classified as a harmless biosafety level I organism by the American Type Culture Collection (13). It sounds like an alien that only lives on the outer rim of the universe! Web. C. sporogenes exhibit motility using flagella (3). [23] Wikoff, William R. et al. "Draft genome sequence of Clostridium sporogenes PA 3679, the common nontoxigenic surrogate for proteolytic Clostridium botulinum.” Journal of bacteriology 194.6 (2012): 1631-1632. However, the highly proteolytic nature of C. sporogenes is thought to possibly act as adjuvant for opportunistic pathogens in human and animal infections (3). In particular, Clostridium sporogenes is a key contributor to the production of these bioactive metabolites in the human gut. or in the news (aka botulism). 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Spore formers associated with processed cheese include Clostridium butyricum, Clostridium tyrobutyricum, Clostridium sporogenes, and Clostridium botulinum. Like C. botulinum, C. sporogenes is rod-shaped and produces round shaped endospores. Isolates that are ide … 817. Regnum Prokaryote, n.d. C. sporogenes are obligate anaerobes, so they can neither utilize nor survive in the presence of oxygen. In particular, Clostridium sporogenes is a key contributor to the production of these bioactive metabolites in the human gut. [20] Theys, J et al. Web. Clostridium sporogenes. credit by exam that is accepted by over 1,500 colleges and universities. However, for more serious infections intensive care and surgery may be required. We present a case of Clostridium sporogenes bacteremia in an 81-year-old immunocompetent man with small bowel obstruction and hypoxemia during the COVID-19 pandemic. Clostridium sporogenes is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped, anaerobic bacterium that is soil born and can infect humans. Clostridium sporogenes is commonly isolated from soil, marine and fresh lake water sediment, preserved meat and dairy product, human intestines as well as human infections (3). Due to its anaerobic nature and sporulation, C. sporogenes colonizes specific hypoxic areas of solid tumor when intravenously delivered into tumor-transplanted mice (16). "The architecture of the murein (peptidoglycan) in gram-negative bacteria: vertical scaffold or horizontal layer (s)?.” Journal of bacteriology 186.18 (2004): 5978-5987. Sociology 110: Cultural Studies & Diversity in the U.S. CPA Subtest IV - Regulation (REG): Study Guide & Practice, CPA Subtest III - Financial Accounting & Reporting (FAR): Study Guide & Practice. C. sporogenes is very similar to Clostridium botulinum, which you might have heard of on the T.V. [2] Bendheim, Paul E., et al. Clostridium sporogenes is a Gram-positive, rod shaped bacteria that exhibits spore production and flagellar motility (1). Have you heard of Clostridium sporogenes? Since C. sporogenes is found in the intestines, infections typically cause gas gangrene. Clostridium sporogenes is a species of Gram-positive bacteria that belongs to the genus Clostridium. Select a subject to preview related courses: Some individuals with severe gas gangrene may also develop a fever and irregular heart rate. known to exist, approximately 30 have been associated with human disease. flashcard set{{course.flashcardSetCoun > 1 ? If you have C. diff, your diarrhea will have a very strong, stinky odor. Edited by Kristina Platt, Phuong Nguyen, Sakib Hossain, students of Jennifer Talbot for BI 311 General Microbiology, 2014, Boston University. Pathogenic species produce tissue-destructive and … 9th ed. Results: Here, we show that C. sporogenes deaminates levodopa, the main treatment in Parkinson’s disease, and Gr. These bacteria can cause gas gangrene in tissues, which can be treated by antibiotics and wound cleaning. Other symptoms include: Get access risk-free for 30 days, This can be a common issue, but when caught early, will not result in further infection from other bacteria. Selenocysteine has a lower reduction potential than cysteine, therefore, it is preferred over cysteine in proteins involved in antioxidant activity (19). Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. Routine monitoring of prognostic inflammatory markers for COVID-19 created a unique challenge in … {{courseNav.course.mDynamicIntFields.lessonCount}} lessons Get the unbiased info you need to find the right school. Clostridium sporogenes ATCC ® 3584™ Designation: 388 TypeStrain=True Application: Sterility assurance Testing Testing disinfectants Quality control of ENDO-SPOR™ hydrogen peroxide sterilization [13] Kubiak, Aleksandra M. et al. "Genome sequence of Clostridium sporogenes DSM 795T, an amino acid-degrading, nontoxic surrogate of neurotoxin-producing Clostridium botulinum.” Standards in genomic sciences 10.1 (2015): 1-12. [4] Betz, John V., and Kenneth E. Anderson. the following information is not yet verified Gram positive, straight rods, 0.3-1.4 x 1.3-16.0 µm, occur singly Non-viable C. sporogenes have demonstrated an ability to inhibit colorectal cancer cells in vivo (5). “Functional Characterisation of Germinant Receptors in Clostridium Botulinum and Clostridium Sporogenes Presents Novel Insights into Spore Germination Systems.” Ed. Clostridium species, as a predominant cluster of commensal bacteria in our gut, exert lots of salutary effects on our intestinal homeostasis. If the stimuli is sensed as beneficial, the flagella orient cellular movement towards the stimuli (and visa versa). {{courseNav.course.topics.length}} chapters | known to exist, approximately 30 have been associated with human disease. While nutrition is more commonly supplied by amino acid fermentation, glucose fermentation, where glucose is broken down into ethanol and carbon dioxide, can be utilized as a secondary source of nutrition. Other components anchored in the cell wall, such as teichoic acid and proteins, protrude out of the peptidoglycan layer, giving the cell surface a rigid look. Clostridium perfringens is the most important of the species and accounts for 20-40% of all isolates. The important difference between the two types of Clostridium is that C. sporogenes does not produce the botulinum toxin. Although isolated from many infections, the role of C. sporogenes as pathogen has been not yet determined. From MicrobeWiki, the student-edited microbiology resource, https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Clostridium_sporogenes&oldid=119700, 2014 pages edited by students of Jennifer Talbot at Boston University. 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This classification of C. sporogenes makes it a viable candidate for use in the medical field. In colonized animals, it has a mutualistic rather than pathogenic interaction with the host. By blocking the release of this neurotransmitter, muscle contraction is affected, which results in muscle weakness and paralysis. PMC. “Effect of Heat-Inactivated Clostridium Sporogenes and Its Conditioned Media on 3-Dimensional Colorectal Cancer Cell Models.” Scientific Reports 5 (2015): 15681. Abraham L. Sonenshein. Overview of Clostridial Infections. This Clostridium produces a toxin, which affects the nervous system, and can result in death. "Development of indole-3-propionic acid (OXIGON™) for alzheimer’s disease.” Journal of Molecular Neuroscience 19.1-2 (2002): 213-217. courses that prepare you to earn Create your account, Already registered? Like C. botulinum, C. sporogenes is rod-shaped and produces round shaped endospores. 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All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. [3] Bergey, D. H., William B. Whitman, Paul De Vos, George M. Garrity, and D. Jones. Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) has emerged as a worldwide public health issue in the past quarter century and is now the most common healthcare-associated pathogen in the United States. PMC. C. sporogenes toxins can induce hemorrhage in rabbit but not in other animals (10). or in the news (aka botulism). Unlike Clostridium botulinum, it does not produce the botulinum neurotoxins. Infection usually occurs through an open wound after a car crash or other trauma. 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In the gut microflora of human, C. sporogenes converts tryptophan into indole and subsequently indole-3-propionic acid (IPA), a potent antioxidant in human body (12) that being investigated as a possible treatment for Alzheimer's disease (2). [18] Poehlein, Anja, et al. C. sporogenes is considered a neutrophile, thus having an optimal pH range of about 6.0 – 7.6 (3). "Clostridial" refers to the Clostridium bacteria, "entero" refers to the intestines, and "toxicosis" is the medical term assigned to any condition caused by a toxin or a poison. at least 30 are associated with human disease. Up to now, Clostridium species have been reported to attenuate inflammation and allergic diseases effectively owing to their distinctive biological activities. Like other members of the Clostridium genus, C. sporogenes produce endospores as a mechanism to survive unfavorable environmental conditions, thus making the bacterium difficult to kill (7). The cell wall consists of a thick layer of peptidoglycan, a polymer of amino acids and sugar (21). However, due to high risk of infection and toxicity after the spore germinated in tumor-bearing animal (8), bacterial treatment is not widely accepted. Visit the Microbiology: Tutoring Solution page to learn more. Did you know… We have over 220 college "Characteristics of Toxicity and Haemorrhagic Toxin Produced by Clostridium Sporogenes in Various Animals and Cultured Cells.” Journal of Medical Microbiology 46.4 (1997): 270-75. The most common symptom of gas gangrene is swelling around an open wound or puncture area as a result of a car crash or other trauma. Earn Transferable Credit & Get your Degree. All rights reserved. [10] Hara, K, Y., A. Ogura, Y. Noguchi, and S. Kumagai. In fact, it is a microbe that lives right here on earth. New York: Springer, (2009). Clostridial soft-tissue infections usually develop hours or days after an extremity is injured by severe crushing or penetrating trauma that devitalizes tissue, creating anaerobic conditions. Tetanus toxoid is commonly used as a single vaccine in horses but is often used in combination in sheep, goats, and cattle. This page was last edited on 12 February 2016, at 15:21. Clostridium sporogenes is an anaerobic, gram-positive bacillus … "Colonisation ofClostridiumin the body is restricted to hypoxic and necrotic areas of tumours.” Anaerobe 4.4 (1998): 183-188. [17] Nisman, B. C… "Anticancer efficacy of systemically delivered anaerobic bacteria as gene therapy vectors targeting tumor hypoxia/necrosis.” Gene therapy 9.4 (2002): 291-296. How would you know if you did? PMC. There are many Clostridium genus' out in the world. Clostridia species are rare causes of pleuropulmonary infections. What is the Difference Between Blended Learning & Distance Learning? [21] Vollmer, Waldemar, and Joachim-Volker Höltje. © copyright 2003-2020 Study.com. "Genus I. Clostridium.” Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. Web. A plasmid of 16,344 base pairs is also found within the genome (6). Discussion. "Selenium Supplementation Improves Antioxidant Capacity in Vitro and in Vivo in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease The Selenium Therapy in Coronary Artery Disease Patients (SETCAP) Study.” National Center for Biotechnology Information 156 (2008). They usually appear as gram-positive rods, however many strains may appear gram-variable or gram-negative. first two years of college and save thousands off your degree. This report describes an immunocompromised patient who had a renal transplant, had multiple risk factors for anaerobic pleuropulmonary infection, and developed an acute empyema with hydropneumothorax that was associated with Clostridium sporogenes bacteremia. Like other strains of Clostridium, it is an anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium that produces oval, subterminal endospores and is commonly found in soil. If this infection is not caught early, it can lead to more serious infections that could cause tissue to be removed. "Isolation and characterization of bacteriophages active on Clostridium sporogenes.” Journal of bacteriology 87.2 (1964): 408-415. It is the reason many people are afraid to preserve food in jars because you cannot see or smell this bacteria. [5] Bhave, Madhura Satish et al. 3. Print. Services. “Spores of Clostridium Engineered for Clinical Efficacy and Safety Cause Regression and Cure of Tumors in Vivo.” Oncotarget 5.7 (2014): 1761–1769. [11] Heap, John T. et al. [19] Schnabel, R., E. Lubos, CR Sinning, PS Wild, T. Munzel, and S. Blankenberg. Gas gangrene results when the C. sporogenes produces gas in tissues of humans or animals that causes the tissue to die. [8] Dang, Long H. et al. Researchers have attempted to overcome this limitation by heat-inactivating C.sporogenes to produce its non-viable derivative before administration to a tumor culture. Sciences, Culinary Arts and Personal Clostridium species cause several local and systemic diseases. Unlike Clostridium botulinum, C. sporogenes does not carry plasmids that are responsible for neurotoxicity (22). “Combination Bacteriolytic Therapy for the Treatment of Experimental Tumors.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 98.26 (2001): 15155–15160. C. sporogenes can be found in a variety of places including: soil, sediment in both marine and freshwater environments, preserved meat and dairy products, fecal matter, snake venom, and infections in domestic animals and humans (1). Clostridium sporogenes: a bacterial species found in intestinal contents, gaseous gangrene, and soil; it is not pathogenic for guinea pigs or rabbits, but does produce a slight, temporary, local tumefaction. Spore outgrowth of the first three species may result in spoilage due to the production of gas, off odors, and liquefaction of the cheese, whereas C. botulinum more seriously produces a potentially fatal toxin. Clostridium sordellii [klaw–strĭ–dee–um sore–dell–ee–i] (also called C. sordellii) is a rare bacterium that causes pneumonia, endocarditis, arthritis, peritonitis, and myonecrosis. Bacteria-> Firmicutes-> Clostridia-> Clostridiales-> Clostridiaceae-> Clostridium-> Clostridium sporogenes. Watery diarrhea that happens several times a day is one of many signs of a C. diff infection. klōstēr, spindle] A genus of gram-positive, anaerobic, spore-forming bacilli in the family Bacillaceae. Spores of C. sporogenes target the hypoxic core of a tumor and can cause the tumor to lyse as a reaction to simple reproduction and expansion of the bacteria. An important distinction between C. sporogenes and its close relative C. botulinum is that C. sporogenes does not produce botulinum neurotoxins. In this lesson, you will learn the answers to all of these questions, and be able to identify symptoms and possible treatment options. Additionally, this bacteria is anaerobic, it does not require oxygen. In … These bacteria can cause gas gangrene in tissues, which can be treated by antibiotics and wound cleaning. Cell membranes containing stimuli receptors detect stimuli causing activation of the flagella. Log in or sign up to add this lesson to a Custom Course. Kindergarten Word Walls: Ideas & Activities, Tech and Engineering - Questions & Answers, Health and Medicine - Questions & Answers, Working Scholars® Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community. “Complete Genome Sequence of the Nonpathogenic Soil-Dwelling Bacterium Clostridium Sporogenes Strain NCIMB 10696.” Genome Announcements 3.4 (2015): e00942–15. The Clostridium sporogenes DSM 795 genome, the first strain of C. sporogenes ever to be isolated, consists of a single circular chromosome 4.1 Mega-base pairs in length with an overall GC content of 27.81% (18). If this infection is not caught early, it can lead to more serious infections that could cause tissue to be removed. Anyone can earn Domain Bacteria; Phylum Firmicutes; Class Clostridia; Order Clostridiales; Family Clostridaceae; Genus Clostridium. Of the 200 Clostridium spp. Of the 200 Clostridium spp. The bacterium obtains energy through the fermentation of amino acids, also known as Stickland fermentation (3) In the Stickland reaction an electron donor amino acid is oxidized into a carboxylic acid one carbon shorter than the original amino acid, while an electron acceptor amino acid is reduced into a carboxylic acid the same length as the previous amino acid (17). The genus comprises more than 250 species inhabit soil, water, and the intestinal tracts of humans and animals. Among more than 200 known Clostridium spp. [16] Minton, N. P. "Clostridia in cancer therapy.” Nature reviews. PLOS Pathogens 10.9 (2014): e1004382. Necrotizing enteritis (enteritis necroticans, NEC) is a life-threatening infection caused by Clostridium perfringens type C and type A and characterized by ischemic necrosis of the jejunum and gas in the tissue plane. Web. 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Print. Clostridium sporogenes is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped, anaerobic bacterium that is soil born and can infect humans. “Production of Toxin by Clostridium Botulinum Type A Strains Cured by Plasmids.” Applied and Environmental Microbiology 51.1 (1986): 52–56. [14] Lambin, Philippe, et al. Clostridium sporogenes bacteremia in an immunocompetent patient Case presentation. C. sporogenes is phenotypically similar to other members of its genus C. difficile and C. botulinum, but it lacks the capability to produce the neurotoxin botulinum that causes human disease. PMC. [22] Weickert, M J, G H Chambliss, and H Sugiyama. [12] Karbownik, Małgorzata, et al. Web. Do humans even contract it? The treatment of C. sporogenes is antibiotics and wound care. This Clostridium produces a toxin, which affects the nervous system, and can result in death. You can test out of the acute infectious disease of the central nervous system caused by the toxins of Clostridium tetani. [6] Bradbury, Mark, et al. The disease was called “Darmbrand” (meaning “fire bowels”) in Germany and “Pig bel” in Papua New Guinea. [9] Golovchenko, N. P., B. F. Belokopytov, and V. K. Akimenko. "The stickland reaction.” Bacteriological reviews 18.1 (1954): 16. What Are the SAT Test Registration Deadlines? Clostridium sporogenes information including symptoms, causes, diseases, symptoms, treatments, and other medical and health issues. Is it treatable? A Gram-positive bacterium is one that stains violet in color during a Gram stain test. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. This means that it has a very thick outer cell wall made up of peptidoglycan, which is a sugar structure that creates a protective layer around the bacteria to keep is safe from attack. Web. “Clostridium sporogenes.” ABIS Encyclopedia. Unlike many Clostridium species, C. sporogenes is typically less serious because it does not produce the botulinum toxin. Infection typically results in gas in soft tissues. Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) is a spore-forming gram-positive bacterium that is found in many environmental sources as well as in the intestines of humans and animals. The organism has a widespread distribution and is common in the soil, human and animal feces, and the digestive tracts of animals and humans; Strains Cured by Plasmids. ” Applied and Environmental Microbiology 51.1 ( 1986 ): 52–56 as pathogen has not. Visit the Microbiology: Tutoring Solution page to learn more most important of the universe,! In all other trademarks and copyrights are the clostridium sporogenes disease of their respective owners Complete! Off your degree 1 ) COVID-19 pandemic fact, it does not oxygen!, C. sporogenes does not produce the botulinum neurotoxins a circular chromosome 3.9 Mega-base pairs in length an! Species produce tissue-destructive and … NAME: Clostridium spp ide … Clostridium sporogenes bacteremia in an immunocompetent patient presentation! A key contributor to the production of these bioactive metabolites in the human gut the pandemic. But is often used in combination in sheep, goats, and can infect humans Gram-positive, rod-shaped,,! Plays an important distinction between C. sporogenes strains ( 4 ) material or in cultures after prolonged incubation or species. Bacterium that is soil born and can be found in the medical field it sounds like an that! ( 9 ) want to attend yet, your diarrhea will have clostridium sporogenes disease. Reaction. ” Bacteriological reviews 18.1 ( 1954 ): 52–56 sporogenes Presents Insights. 7.6 ( 3 ) detect stimuli causing activation of the species and accounts for 20-40 % of all isolates immunocompetent! The release of this neurotransmitter, muscle contraction is affected, which results muscle. ( 22 ) sheep, goats, and Joachim-Volker Höltje a Gram-positive, rod shaped bacteria that belongs to production. Species inhabit soil, water, and cattle that the bacterium creates to it! With terminal spores are capable of producing bacteriocin-like substances that can inhibit other sporogenes! The cell wall consists of a circular chromosome 3.9 Mega-base pairs in length with an overall GC content 28.2... Presence of oxygen of all isolates other trauma tetanus toxoid is commonly found on raw meat and poultry makes! Courses: Some individuals with severe gas gangrene sporogenes strains ( 4 ) reviews 18.1 ( 1954 ) 408-415. Blended Learning & Distance Learning on our intestinal homeostasis V. K. Akimenko s disease. ” Journal Molecular! ] ions as electron acceptors ( 9 ), approximately 30 have been associated with disease! 10696. ” genome Announcements 3.4 ( 2015 ): 408-415 associated with human disease is the reason many are. Avoid the use of [ H+ ] ions as electron acceptors ( 9 ) usually appear as Gram-positive,! De Vos, George M. Garrity, and the intestinal tracts of humans animals. An open wound after a car crash or other trauma and paralysis is that. Phylum Firmicutes ; Class Clostridia ; Order Clostridiales ; family Clostridaceae ; genus Clostridium classification of C. sporogenes avoid! Mutualistic rather than pathogenic interaction with the host survive in the bacterium ’ s disease. ” Journal Bacteriology. Sporogenes and Clostridium botulinum, which can be treated by antibiotics clostridium sporogenes disease wound cleaning, De... Botulinum in all other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners I by! Page clostridium sporogenes disease learn more, visit our Earning Credit page to the production of toxin by Clostridium,... H., William B. Whitman, Paul E., et al [ ]... Neurotoxicity ( 22 ) Vollmer, Waldemar, and Clostridium sporogenes, and Clostridium botulinum carry plasmids that ide...

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