Discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) implemented in the ADENEGET package [28] using R software 3.1.1 [29] was used to assess the distribution of genetic diversity. Molecular markers make it possible to conduct such comparisons across countries and continents. We also assessed the relationship between the clustering and climate variables. Under this scenario, West Africa sweet potato is derived from East African sweet potato. The membership probabilities of each individual in each group were very high for each accession (S5 Fig, S6 and S7 Tables). Free Download HD or 4K Use all videos for free for your projects. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177697.s006. By the end of our phone conversation, she and I had spun tales from our memories of this simple root, tales that revealed its cultural, historic, economic, and nutritional influence on our community. The names given to the accessions by the farmers did not match the genetic groups. The sweet potato, or “sweet tata,” as we call it in the Gullah culture, was a staple in my childhood and is still a basic in my own household today because it was and remains a major crop harvested by Gullah communities. Also, Chaplin is an avid reader. The field was weeded manually with a hoe and watered if necessary. Using 12 microsatellite markers, we evaluated 132 varieties along this gradient. Understanding genetic diversity, the structure of diversity and the capacity of adaptation of African crops could help design strategies to face both increased demand and a changing environment. A total of 21 agro-morphological traits were used. The table show the p-value obtained with Wilcoxon-Paired test between different dataset. To do so, for each accession we downloaded the BIOCLIM data [32] composed of 19 bioclimatic variables and monthly climate data (temperature and precipitation). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177697.g001. Yes roasted sweet potato This emoji shows an image of a sweet potato with purple, orange or brown skin sliced in half to show its flesh. Yams vs. sweet potatoes. In the tropical-arid accessions, most of the accessions sampled in Togo were from the northern part of the country, where the climate is arid. We then assessed the optimal number of clusters supported by the genetic data using the k-means procedure [28]. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177697.s011. The relationship between a genetic group and specific geographical features has been previously reported [24]. These two vegetables are quite different, and yet alike. They’re higher in fiber and nutrients, such as beta carotene. The number of alleles recorded was used to statistically compare diversity in the three areas, West Africa, Tropical America and Oceania. Colocasia esculenta is a tropical plant grown primarily for its edible corms, a root vegetable most commonly known as taro (/ ˈ t ɑː r oʊ, ˈ t æ r oʊ /), kalo (see §Names and etymology for an extensive list), or godere.It is the most widely cultivated species of several plants in the family Araceae that are used as vegetables for their corms, leaves, and petioles. All the varieties described below are technically sweet potatoes, though they’re often called yams. Sweet and regular potatoes are both tuberous root vegetables, but they differ in appearance and taste. This can be explained by frequent exchanges between villages in Togo because farmers go to other villages to look for work. Slight difference was observed on the total number of alleles: 90 for the first dataset and 83 for the second. Ptilinopus 13:52, 25 November 2012 (UTC) Sweet Potato Colors and Species. Currently, she has publications in process on James Baldwin, Marvin Gaye and the Gullah Geechee culture. In addition to the six common traits, we found the color of the leaf petiole. No, Is the Subject Area "Leaves" applicable to this article? Yes All loci were independently amplified using the multiplex PCR kit (Qiagen) in a final volume of 10 μl; 5 μl master mix (1x); 2 μl Q solution (1x); 2 μl DNA; 0.2 μl R primer; 0.2 μl F primer and 0.6 μl Rnase free solution. This list of sweet potato cultivars provides some information about varieties and cultivars of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas).Sweet potato was first domesticated in the Americas more than 5,000 years ago. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177697.t001. Each SSR allele was binary coded (0 for absence and 1 for presence) following previous approaches used for this hexaploid species [24]. Sub-Saharan Africa is considered to be a secondary center of diversity [13]. Wilcoxon paired tests were then performed for each significant trait to assess which specific genetic group differed significantly from the others. Amplifications were performed on 96-well plates with two negative water controls and four positive DNA controls. Therefore, to honor those West African ancestral connections, Gullah people recognize sweet tata and other foods as a major part of our cultural identity. The different genetic groups were also distinguished by the 21 agro-morphological traits (Table 2). The 11 markers used in our study were the same as those used in a previous study [24]. With the excuse it is in wiktionary? Maturity was determined as when the vine turned yellow, roughly five months after planting. Yams are the tuberous roots of the genus Dioscorea. In fact, I learned about the “farm to table” movement long before it was “chic” or popular, as it is these days. Find the best free sweet potato videos. ... and references the cultural meaning of food in a way appropriate for 1st graders, 2nd graders, English Language Learners, and possibl. In the villages sampled, each color represents one genetic group. More thorough sampling throughout Africa is now needed to assess such hypotheses. Laboratoire Mixte International Adaptation des Plantes et microorganismes aux Stress Environnementaux (LAPSE), Dakar, Sénégal, Affiliation From one to three nodes of each of the 112 accessions were planted (236 cuttings with an average 2.10 per accession). SSRs were diluted and pooled for migration on an ABI 3130 XL 16 capillary sequencer. The morphological characteristics of the leaf and stem were recorded 90 days after planting. We recorded the local name of each variety and the GPS coordinates of each sampling site. For convenience, roast a sweet potato the night before. This food played a significant role in shaping my cultural identity, especially since it represents how the Gullah community is connected to the earth. We weighed the items and calculated our money appropriately, learning a lesson in thrift and self-sufficiency. Yes Yams, however, are a totally different vegetable that either type of sweet potato, with a white inside and a dark, nearly black skin. In Wolof, sweet cassava, which looks more like sweet potatoes than authentic yams, is called nyam-bi or the thing that you eat.”. Local landraces of sweet potato need to be collected, characterized and conserved to improve African production. Roasted Sweet Potato is a fully-qualified emoji as part of Unicode 6.0 which was introduced in 2010. The Gullah culture and language were developed by descendants of enslaved Africans—predominately people from West Africa—who were brought to America primarily because of their skills in the cultivation of rice. I told my her that I would dress my treat with cinnamon. (2017) Structure of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) diversity in West Africa covaries with a climatic gradient. Michael W. Twitty, a culinary historian and author of Cooking Gene , distinguishes between the two delicacies: “Yam is definitely a term from Western Africa, especially Senegambia, where in several West Atlantic languages it refers to the verb, nyam, to eat. “Tropical accession” also had very specific traits: the number of lobes, type of central lobe of the leaf, and pubescence (S8 Table). In both cases, connections to the past resonate—connections to an African heritage and to a childhood comfort. Except that it isn't in wiktionary - there are less names in various languages there than in the rump of this article. Our study has shown that local names used for sweet potato landraces were not correlated with genetic groups (S1 Table). Michael W. Twitty, a culinary historian and author of Cooking Gene, distinguishes between the two delicacies: “Yam is definitely a term from Western Africa, especially Senegambia, where in several West Atlantic languages it refers to the verb, nyam, to eat. The first axis mainly represents the south/north gradient from a tropical humid zone (Danyi-Peyeyeme) to the northern Togo tropical arid zone (Village of Gabonbong), and then to the drier part of Senegal (S6 Fig). America, Oceania and West Africa with the two datasets. The total surface area of each color is also proportional to number of samples in that genetic group. [34] found a mean of four alleles in 57 sweet potato from Tanzania. The local name and the genetic group agreed in only 25% of the cases. Yams and sweet potatoes are in fact two different root vegetables. We thank C. Roullier and Professor K. Akpagana for early on advice on this study, V. Lebot for helpful comments and the farmers who willingly participated in the study. The characteristics of the stem recorded were vine internode length, diameter between nodes, color, port and pubescence. The phylogram was visualized using the international tree of life: Itoel Program v2 [27]. Amendoro specializes in a number of desserts crafted out of high quality sweet potato. America has the highest number of alleles, approximately 11, followed by Oceania with 9 and Africa with 7. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177697.g002. For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click No, PLOS is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) corporation, #C2354500, based in San Francisco, California, US, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177697. here. Natural sweetness lends itself to a wide variety of delicious recipes such as sweet potato pie, pancakes, muffins, biscuits or even bisque. With the a-score optimization function applied to the dataset, the number of PCA to be retained ranged from two to four. A total of 21 morphological descriptors [22], were used as agro-morphological characteristics of these three organs: leaf, stem, and root. Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA), Dakar, Sénégal, Sweet Potato in Spanish. Field trials were conducted only on Togo accessions in the experimental Agronomic station of University of Lomé (altitude 27 masl. Cover bottom of the au gratin pan in olive oil. Every plant has different names in different languages. Based on the mean allele value per locus, which was 7.4 in the present study and those listed elsewhere, we tend to have a higher level of diversity in West Africa. Still it is beneficial to know the common name of all garden plants. Yes If it isn't fork-tender after five minutes, continue to microwave in one-minute increments until done. We also performed a phenotypic evaluation to compare genetic structure and morphological differences between samples. We assessed the composition of the group at different K values (3, 4, 5, 6) and K = 5 appeared to be the best number of genetic groups to explain the genetic data on the basis of significant statistical analysis, individual position in the group, and membership probability. Gwandu et al. GeneMapper software version 4.1 was used to score alleles. The soil in the field is classified as ferralitic. In grey significant traits p-value < 0.0024 (Bonferroni corrected p-value). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177697.s004. PLOS ONE promises fair, rigorous peer review, The genetic groups were also associated with morphological differentiation, mainly the shape of the leaves and the color of the stem or root. A lot of people are always confused in choosing between sweet and white potato for muscle gain and weight loss. The three other groups were roughly associated with climate: “Tropical-arid accessions”, “Tropical-Saharan accessions group 1” and “Tropical-Saharan accessions group 2”. Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France, Affiliation Further, Twitty notes that the sweet potato, originating from Central and South Americas, was known as the “Spanish potato” in colonial America. They are low in sodium, fat, and cholesterol, but high in fiber, vitamin A, vitamin B6, potassium, and manganese. For DAPC, we first performed a principal component analysis (PCA) to capture the large number of allele absence/presence (0/1) matrices on the most significant PCA axes. However, we covered a wide range of climates, from the tropical humid area to the Sahel, and we consequently have a good power to show such genetic, geographic and climatic congruence. The three other genetic groups: “Tropical arid accessions”, “Tropical-Sahelian accessions group 1” and “Tropical-Saharan accessions group 2” contained accessions from both Togo and Senegal. This is considered unther the climatic context in which African countries have to increase agricultural production to feed their growing populations. Access other dictionaries such as English to Arabic, English to French, and English to Hindi to check the Sweet Potato meaning in different languages. The Tropical arid accessions group was the most widespread across villages and accessions from this group were found in 67% of the villages (Table 1, S1 Table and Fig 5). Creamy Skillet Tortellini with Sweet Potato and Spinach. This particular structure of diversity along a climatic gradient with association to phenotypic variability can be used for conservation strategies. Naming. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. While some cooking styles can raise the fat and sugar content of sweet potatoes, steaming uses zero-calorie water so you can enjoy the potatoes without feeling guilty. The graph shows the Bayesian information criterion (BIC) for increasing values of K (1 to 20) which corresponds to the number of clusters to choose. Learn how to bake sweet potatoes perfectly and get my recipe for BBQ chicken stuffed sweet potatoes. These values are comparable to those reported in similar studies on the sweet potato in East Africa [33], with a mean of 6.1 alleles per locus compared to 7.4 found in the present study. You can discover details including: top producing & exporting countries, real-time market prices, local product varieties, seasonality, production & export volumes, and more Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files. A Wilcoxon paired test with the number of alleles was used to assess differences in diversity. The colors correspond to the five groups (red: group one, yellow: group two, green: group three, blue: group four, and pink: group five). But in all seriousness, sweet potato’s are one of the few natural rat repellents. In the modern world, there is a dire need for people who can communicate in different languages. In the early 20th century , "soft" sweet potatoes… 99 examples: Common species of vegetables cultivated on the plots were tomato, spinach… The color or the letter for the same column of the same K for the two datasets was not identical, this show that the samples have changed cluster. I was told that the sweet potato is a reminder of what we (enslaved Africans) brought from the Old World to the New World. Although Gullahs, like many people, use the terms yams and sweet potatoes interchangeably, these two roots are different. It’s a showstopper, a fantastically unique twist on vegetables and pasta, which creates a … Cornmeal adds crunch, and mashed sweet potatoes lend creaminess to this weekend favorite. Types of Sweet Potatoes. The two other clusters “Tropical-Sahelian accessions group 1” and “Tropical-Sahelian accessions group 2” contained accessions either from Togo or Senegal and the climatic conditions were less well defined. Genetic clusters and morphologic traits. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177697.g005. The trait was considered as specific to a group when the p-value of the test was < 0.05 for paired tests. Convenience stores also sell ready-to-eat sweet potatoes, but bake them on a special electric grill rather than in an oven. That means there are more than 50 different ways to say sweet potato, from “acok” in Ateso, the language spoken by the people showing off their drying rock, to “maku” in Lugbara. [41], for cassava varieties among Makushi Ameridins in Guyana. The nutritional content of potatoes and sweet potatoes. However, its genetic characterization is still partial. Sweet potato is not a major crop in Togo or Senegal, and some farmers may thus not pay much attention to the phenotypic variability of the plant. Sweet potatoes generally have an orange flesh and a maroon or copper skin. This is the translation of … The second dataset was used to assess the reproducibility of the results. Leaves were collected from the Togo samples during the 2012 field experiment. In this study, we demonstrated that the morphological traits of sweet potato were associated with genetic groups. medium potatoes, olive oil, chilli, sweet potatoes, salt, turkey leg and 7 more Viennese Steak with Mashed Sweet Potatoes O Meu Tempero Granny Smith apple, sweet paprika, salt, flour, butter, sirloin steaks and 6 more We also reminisced about the sweet potato pies made by our mother and the sweet potato poon prepared by our great aunt. No, Is the Subject Area "Genetics" applicable to this article? Like the Hannah, Okinawa sweet … The table reports the membership probability according to structure analyse of each individual and genetic group appurtenance as defined by DAPC results. That means there are more than 50 different ways to say sweet potato, from “acok” in Ateso, the language spoken by the people showing off their drying rock, to “maku” in Lugbara. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177697.s003. Okinawa sweet potatoes, also known by their Japanese name, beni-imo, have unremarkable off-white or dusty purple skins, but once you slice into them, you're greeted by a rich and vibrant purple flesh rarely seen in nature. We observed that each village cultivated accessions from different genetic groups, but did not differentiate the varieties with specific local names. We considered the genetic group to be associated with morphological differences when the test was significant with a Bonferroni corrected p-value of 0.0024. In contrast, Stephen Facciola's Cornucopia II (1998) lists only twenty-five different … However, the genetic group was well correlated with very specific morphological traits. The same was true of djété, atonini, dankali, kourkou, dinkedout, tomba each of which was distributed in up to three genetic groups (Table 1 and S1 Table). Yams are starchy and have a rough, brown exterior. For K = 4 and K = 5, nine traits were associated. The pellet was left to dry at room temperature and resuspended in 100 μl of 1x Tris EDTA buffer (TE). The SSR markers revealed a high level of polymorphism. Sweet potatoes generally have an orange flesh and a maroon or copper skin. Not only does this one-skillet dinner pack in … Genetic diversity in West Africa is structured into five groups, with some groups found in very specific climatic areas, e.g. We genotyped all 132 individuals sweet potato plants from Togo and Senegal (S1 Table). PLoS ONE 12(5): The red-purplish skin hides a delicious golden inside. Pexels. Allelic frequency among the accessions ranged from 0.007 to 0.990 and PIC from 0.11 to 0.31 with a mean of 0.19 (Fig 1). Indeed, 76% of accessions with the same local name were in fact attributed to different groups. The value corresponds to p-value of each traits. They knew exactly how much cinnamon, sugar, butter, milk, eggs and nutmeg to include with the sweet potato pie, as well as the ingredients and the lengthy process used to make their special homemade pie crusts. We analyzed genetic clusters in comparison with the geographical location of the countries and villages as well as landrace names. Sweet potato is a staple food, ranking seventh among food crops in annual production in the world [4] and fifth for its caloric contribution in developing countries after rice, wheat, maize and cassava [5]. “This term [yam] is preserved in Gullah as well other African Creole languages like Jamaican Creole,” says Twitty. It develops over time, according to use, look, and lore. Wilcoxon-paired test tested with K = 5 genetic groups, revealed specific agro-morphological traits for each genetic group (S8 Table). To choose K, which describes our dataset well, we ran successive Ks (3, 4, 5, 6) to run DAPC. The diagram shows probable membership of the five groups (K1, K2, K3, K4 and K5) determined by the DAPC analysis. In our case, the graph proposed 3 axes (PCs); or (b) the percentage of variance explained; 74.7% of variance was chosen which corresponded to 12 axes (PCs). Yes Indeed, farmers use phenotype to distinguish the plant [16]. In her spare time, she enjoys the cultural outlets involving museums and plays. Incidentally, yams and sweet potatoes are different. Weekly, she sent me and my sisters to a small market that sold collards, turnips, sweet potatoes, and other fresh fruits and vegetables grown from the owner’s farm. She holds a Master’s degree in African American Literature and a PhD in American Studies. e0177697. Both potatoes and sweet potatoes are rich in nutrients, including many different vitamins and minerals. We ran the admixture model with a number of populations from K = 1 to 20 with 15 runs using a 100.000 burn in period and 400.000 Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) steps. The analysis using STRUCTURE tend also favored five clusters (S4 Fig). The importance of these phenotype traits for breeders is mentioned in many studies [16, 42]. Hence, scientific name of Sweet Potato is used worldwide. The climate is characterized by two rainy seasons, leading to two periods of sweet potato cultivation (April-July and September-December). Among tuber and root crops, sweet potato plays an important role in human and animal nutrition and is known to have the potential to survive climate change thanks to its ability to adapt to different environments and agro-systems, its productivity and short growth cycle. A represents Tropical-Sahelian accessions group 1; B Tropical accessions, C Tropical arid accessions, D Sahelian accessions, and E Tropical-Sahelian accessions group 2. The genetic diversity of West African sweet potato is structured by geography, climate, genetics and morphology. Group five contained 19 accessions including five from Senegal and the rest from Togo. Citation: Glato K, Aidam A, Kane NA, Bassirou D, Couderc M, Zekraoui L, et al. Over there, in New Zealand, these sweet potatoes, known as kumara, are one of the basic ingredients used in many recipes, including kumara chips, aka sweet potato fries. Twitty also recognizes the cultural nature of the term yam. DNA was extracted from dried young leaves (10 to 25 mg) following the method of Doyle and Doyle [23] adding 2% (w/v) of cetyl-tri-methyl-ammonium bromide (CTAB) and 2% (w/v) of sodium sulfite. The characteristics of the leaf recorded were the type of leaf lobe, leaf outline, number of leaf lobes, shape of the central leaf lobe, color of the mature leaf, color of the immature leaf, leaf length, leaf petiole length, color of the leaf vein, color of the leaf petiole. Some studies done in a smaller region did not always report such results, for example in Uganda [18], in Mozambique [37] and in Puerto Rico [38]. They return home with stems they found that had attractive traits or with roots of a plant children like because of its sweetness. Salt and pepper to taste. https://www.society19.com/easy-sweet-potato-microwave-recipes-for-your-dorm But the similar result was funded for all test running with the two dataset. The scientific name of Sweet Potato is the botanical name or formal name. Preheat oven to 425º. The stems from the 2012 field experiment were harvested for use in the 2013 field experiment. Only the third axis was significant when the whole sample was tested (Kruskal-Wallis, p < 0.001) but not if we only included Togo (Kruskal-Wallis, p < 0.26). Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France. For this hexaploid species, the PIC was calculated considering an allele as a locus: PIC = 1 –(P12 + P22 + 2P12P22) where P1 and P2 corresponded to the frequency of the presence (1) and absence (0) of an allele. Sweet potato is not a major crop in Togo or Senegal, and some farmers may thus not pay much attention to the phenotypic variability of the plant. Did I mention that my sister possesses these same culinary skills? The amplification conditions were slightly modified and the fluorochromes for each marker (new conditions listed in S2 Table). The PCA axes were then used to check for a relationship between climate variables and inferred cluster groups using Kruskall-Wallis nonparametric tests. Here, we focus on the sweet potato. To allow comparison with our sampling number, we randomly sampled 132 accessions both for Tropical America and Oceania. She can attract zombies from adjacent tiles covering the 1x3 (vertical) area in front of the tile where she was planted in lane. The result shows that the maximum ΔK value is found with K = 5. Yellow- or white-fleshed sweet potatoes have a dry and crumbly texture when baked and are not moist enough to make tender pancakes, so use the orange variety. During one of our frequent conversations about preparing and enjoying food, my sister and I turned our discussion to the sweet potato, a tuberous delight. The trial was performed on a 300 m2 plot (30 m × 10 m). The size of the circle is proportional to the number of samples. Funding: This study was partly funded by the Agropolis Foundation’s “Agropolis Resource Center for Crop Adaptation and Diversity” (ARCAD) project, the French embassy in Togo (SCAC), Institut Sénégalais de la Recherche Agricole (ISRA), Dakar, Sénégal; the Institut de la Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) in Dakar, Sénégal and Montpellier, France; the West African Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA) grant N°11514/2011/DDS/DESFP/PAES-436 to Kodjo Glato and the University of Lomé, Togo. Communication is difficult at best. https://food.ndtv.com/lists/10-best-sweet-potato-recipes-712464 Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA), Dakar, Sénégal, Translation for: 'sweet potato' in English->Greek dictionary. The lowest value of the graph was not clear. Japanese Sweet Potatoes are different from normal sweet potatoes and yams that you might be used to. Twelve microsatellite (SSRs) previously designed for sweet potato [24] were used (S2 Table). For differentiation, potatoes are called batata-inglesa (literally, "English potato"), a name used in other regions and sociolects to differentiate it from the batata-doce, "sweet potato", ironic names since both were first cultivated by the indigenous peoples of South America, their native continent, and only later introduced in Europe by the colonizers. In the United States, the terms “yam” and “sweet potato” are used interchangeably, but they are completely different vegetables. Yes For example, an anthropologist in Irian Jaya found forty different cultivars of sweet potato growing in just one community garden. The geographical location of Gullahs along the coasts of South Carolina, North Carolina, Georgia and Florida enabled them to sustain their language, foodways, customs and spiritual practices throughout slavery and until the present time. For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click Consequently, a different set of traits found in each genetic group may reflect random variation of phenotype or selection by farmers. However, one should be cautious, because different sets of SSR markers are used, and type and number of repetitions for the microsatellite motif impact the number of alleles and consequently the diversity assessment [35] Nevertheless, a higher diversity in our study is not unexpected, because we sampled a greater climatic contrast in West Africa and more than one country. The least represented group was “Sahelian accessions”, which was found in only 8% of the villages. It was introduced to Africa by the Portuguese in the 16th century [11, 12]. Copyright: © 2017 Glato et al. In addition, sweet potato is receiving increased attention as a rich source of vitamin A [3, 2]. She dismissed the cinnamon and stressed her preference for a little butter. The sweet potato originated in tropical America [8, 9] and was dispersed around the world principally by human mediated migration; and is now cultivated in most tropical regions [10]. A total of 31 different local names were recorded: 18 in Togo and 13 in Senegal. Locus ib292 had the highest number of alleles and loci J263 and J315 the lowest (S3 Table). Start studying Potatoes in different languages. 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Varieties described below are technically sweet potatoes, sweet potato … Creamy Skillet Tortellini with sweet potato.! Needed to assess the reproducibility of the names used for sweet potato in different languages because of its.... Previously designed for sweet potato diversity of the names used for conservation strategies as part Unicode! Unther the climatic context in which African countries have to increase agricultural production to feed growing... A total of 132 accessions were planted ( 236 cuttings with an average of four in... Its importance to the past resonate—connections to an African heritage and to a childhood comfort independently on the data! & content: Switch to Latino ( Español )... how to Cook a sweet potato landraces Ethiopia!
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