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As with custodial sentences, females on average received shorter community orders (11.6 months) and suspended sentence orders (16.6 months) on compared to males (at 12.5 and 17.3 months respectively). And while a bias against men in child custody cases has been around for decades, let's explain why this is happening from a legal perspective. , Questions on the offence category Causing sexual activity without consent were removed from the CSEW 2019/20, therefore the total category of any sexual assault (including attempts) no longer includes this category. Male victims were comparatively younger, with equal proportions within the 16-24 and 25-34 age groups (both 22%). As with PNDs, a larger proportion of female offenders were cautioned for theft offences (19% compared to 10% for males) whereas a larger proportion of male offenders were cautioned for drug offences (27% compared to 13% for females). Offenders with 1 to 14 previous cautions or convictions. Overall personal crime rates decreased significantly between 2018/19 and 2019/20. , Source: GCSE and equivalent results in England: 2014 to 2015 (revised) Main national tables: Table 3a: GCSE and equivalent entries and achievements of pupils at the end of key stage 4 by type of school and gender. Her Majestys Inspectorate of Prisons (HMIP) for England & Wales aims to ensure independent inspection of places of detention, report on conditions and treatment, and promote positive outcomes for those detained and the public. Divorce Rate by Gender; The Rate of Divorce by Age; . Likewise, only slight changes have been seen since 2015 regarding female representation in CPS staff (65% in 2015; 66% in 2019). The overall ACSL (where sex is known) has been increasing over the last 5 years, from 16.3 months in 2015 to 19.0 months in 2019. Youth custody report for April 2015 published. There is only ever one principal suspect per homicide victim. , The conviction ratio is calculated by dividing the total number of defendants convicted by the total number of defendants prosecuted in the same period. Court custody includes those remanded in custody at any stage of proceedings at magistrates or Crown Court who may also have been given bail or not remanded at some stage of those proceedings. , Defendants with unknown age and sex are excluded. Of all cautions issued in 2019, 55% were for indictable offences, a proportion which has been increasing over the last 5 years, from 49% in 2015. Fines accounted for 99% of those sentenced for TV licence evasion in 2019 across both sexes. Of all female offenders cautioned or convicted in 2019, 35% were first time offenders, compared to 22% for males. , Court outcomes figures split by sex and ethnicity is limited to indictable offences where is a robust proportion with known ethnicity. Statistically, it appears that the family courts in the United States are biased against fathers. At 53%, oral fast delivery PSRs[footnote 53] were more common, especially for females (females 60%, males 52%), while standard PSRs[footnote 54], which are given for more serious offences, were much less common and were given proportionally more often to male offenders (4%) compared with female offenders (1%). , Individuals self-harming rates are derived by 1,000 x (number of individual in year)/(average monthly population for year). This publication compiles statistics from data sources across the Criminal Justice System (CJS), to provide a combined perspective on the typical experiences of females who come into contact with it. The proportion of convicted offenders who were female was 27% in 2019 and has remained stable over the last 5 years. Of all female prosecutions, 56% were brought forward by a prosecuting authority other than the police, compared to 23% for male defendants. Figure 3.03: Number of homicide offences currently recorded by the police, by sex of victim, 2008/09 to 2018/19. This proportion has remained very similar over the last 5-year period. , In 2018/19 Lancashire, Warwickshire and West Mercia stated that new IT systems and/or processes had led to changes in recording of detentions under section 136 of the Mental Health Act. Intimate violence refers to a range of physical and non-physical abuse including domestic abuse, sexual assault and stalking. Of the cases where the sex of the individual being detained was recorded, 45% were female and 55% were male. Figure 4.02: Proportion of arrests within each offence group, by sex, 2019/20, Detentions under section 136 of the Mental Health Act (1983)[footnote 25]. The number of arrests has remained stable over the last 3 years following a previously downward trend. Figure 5.11: Proportion of offenders sentenced for indictable offences, by sentencing outcome and sex, 2019, Sentence lengths and average custodial sentence length (ACSL). In the same period, 16% of court reports prepared were for females, a proportion which has remained consistent in the last five years. , Data on Prison Population uses the 30 June 2019 snapshot from the Offender management statistics quarterly: January to March 2019. In addition, the annual report from the Head of Profession to the National Statistician will: Provide information on how many revisions were required to our publications and the reasons for these. Figure 4.05: Number of cautions issued, by sex, 2015 to 2019. Male children reported a significantly higher proportion of being a victim of a CSEW crime at 9.0%, compared to 4.0% of females[footnote 7][footnote 8]. This report provides an overview of these children and their custodial parents, including their socioeconomic characteristics and the types and the amount of child support received from noncustodial parents. , Where sex is known. Child Custody Statistics by Gender Who is most likely to be a custodial parent? Over the last 5 years, the proportion of prosecutions for summary non-motoring offences has been decreasing for both male and female defendants, offset by increases in both indictable and summary motoring offences. TV licence evasion was the most common offence for which females were convicted in 2019. Finally, children from broken common-law unions (84 percent), as well as children from Quebec (87 percent), were most likely to remain in the custody of their mothers, and there is possibly a link between these two results. My wife has confessed that when she first learned I was a single dad she automatically presumed that mum had died! For example, data on arrests are presented in financial years, while data from courts is presented in calendar years. Reported in the Judicial Diversity Statistics 2020 publication, the quoted figures cover all court judges, i.e. , Senior roles are as follows: CPS: Senior Legal Manager, Chief Crown Prosecutor and Senior Civil Servant; MoJ: Senior Civil Servant; HMPPS: Senior Civil Servant; Police: Chief Inspector, Superintendent, Chief Superintendent, and Chief Officers; Judiciary: High Court Judges, Heads of Division and Lord Justices of Appeal. Previously mothers had no rights at all over their children if the marriage broke down. Youth custody data for April 2018 published. The proportion issued to females has slightly decreased over the last 5 years, from 24% in 2015. In 2019, 15% of males and 17% females elected to be tried at the Crown Court. The remains . , Proven reoffending statistics are reported based on cohorts of offenders who are released from custody, received a non-custodial conviction at court, or received a caution within a three-month period. You have accepted additional cookies. Over the last 5 years, there have been increases in female representation across almost all CJS organisations and in the proportion of senior staff. The disposal where there was the greatest difference between genders was for fines. This was much higher than the proportion of all year 11 pupils who had SEN with a statement (including both offenders and non-offenders) in 2013/14[footnote 106] and 2014/15 [footnote 107](2% for young females and 5% for young males). As at June 2019, the female prison population was 3,800 and has decreased 3% over the last 5 years, compared to 78,900 for the male prison population (decreasing 4% over the same time period). 5. In the latest year, a higher proportion of females were issued PNDs for theft (retail under 100) compared to males, whereas males were more often issued PNDs for possession of cannabis compared to females (see Figure 4.04). , Fast Delivery PSR (written) Normally completed on day of request and must be completed within 5 days. As with crime lower, there has been a decreasing trend in the volume of crown court legal aid. The Ministry of Justice would welcome any feedback on the content, presentation or on any other aspect of this bulletin we can be contacted through: Among children aged 6 and under, only 18 percent were in the sole custody of their fathers or in joint custody. The only exceptions are when we are deliberately discussing all aged offenders. ONS data from 2012 shows that of the UK's 400,000 single parent families, only 13.5% of these (54,000) are single dads. The overall style and composition of the report have also been changed to align with Statistics on Race and the Criminal Justice System 2018, with the intention of making it easier for readers to interpret the relative experiences of males and females throughout the CJS. Data is not available for Community Rehabilitation Companies. [A pupil may be excluded for one or more fixed periods up to a maximum of 45 school days in a single academic year. TV licence evasion made up 30% of all female convictions, compared to 4% of male convictions. The difference was greatest amongst those receiving fines, where a greater proportion of young females attained this level (22%) than the young male group (15%). This chapter explores outcomes for defendants in the Criminal Justice System (CJS) predominantly drawing on data from the Criminal Justice Statistics quarterly: December 2019 publication. To allow for variable changes in headcount throughout the period considered, the sexes are best considered in terms of proportions of staff rather than absolute numbers. This varies by offence type, females accounted for a higher proportion of prosecutions for summary offences (29%) than indictable offences (14%). Caution data cannot be split by simple and conditional, and data broken down by sex is not available for cannabis and khat warnings or community resolutions, therefore these will not be included in the totals. The number of individuals formally dealt with by the CJS includes defendants prosecuted at magistrates court and individuals given a caution or Penalty Notice for Disorder (PND). In 2019, fines were the most common sentence given to both male and female offenders sentenced at all courts, but females typically had less severe sentencing outcomes. The indictable offences for which the highest numbers of female offenders were sentenced in 2019 were: Theft from shops (9600 were sentenced, 3% of all sentences given to female offenders in 2019); Assault of an emergency worker (2700 sentenced); Fraud by false representation: cheque, plastic card and online bank accounts (940 sentenced); Possession of a Class A drug (870 sentenced); and. Here are a few examples, per the U.S. Census Bureau's 2020 study: 41.6% of custodial mothers are 40 years old or older. In 2019, females made up 17% of offenders issued community orders and 14% of suspended sentence orders (with requirements). In 2019, sentences for female offenders had a higher level of concordance with their pre-sentence report (excluding Other) (66%) than male offenders (59%). , In 2019/20, the CPS moved from annual reporting, in the Violence Against Women and Girls annual report, to quarterly data. Most of this decrease is accounted for by a reduction in the number of females prosecuted for theft offences (10,500 fewer in 2019 than in 2015), particularly theft from shops, for which there were 8,200 fewer prosecutions. This is the latest biennial compendium of Statistics on Women and the Criminal Justice System and follows its sister publication Statistics on Race and the Criminal Justice System published last year. Ministry of Justice, 3rd Floor, 10 South Colonnade, London, E14 4PU, General enquiries about the statistical work of the Ministry of Justice can be e-mailed to: ESD@justice.gov.uk, The structure and content of this report is continually being reviewed to reflect user requirements. The main source of referral was police custody, accounting for 72% of males and 73% of females referred to liaison and diversion services. In homicides where the principal suspect was known to the victim, 67% of cases with female victims suspected the partner/ex-partner. Figure 7.07: Proportion of males and female offenders by offending history, England and Wales, 2015 and 2019. , The data in this section relates to persons remanded in each completed court case rather than to the number of remand decisions (a person may be remanded several times during a case). Figure 7.05: Proportion of children in the Criminal Justice System, by sex, England and Wales, 2019. Therefore, to ensure comparability across year, these forces have been excluded from the calculations for the year on year change. The given number currently represents about . When men get awarded child support, they average 17% less than women. , For the detailed statistics for specific offences used in this chapter, see the Principal offence proceedings and outcomes by Home Office offence code data tool in Criminal Justice Statistics Quarterly: December 2019. in the 14 years to March 2019, the number of young people in youth custody went down in every ethnic group. The summary offences with the highest proportion of females among those convicted in 2019 were[footnote 115]: TV licence evasion females made up 74% of the 114,000 convictions in 2019, up 3 pp from 2015. The analysis in this report addresses the key subject areas and goes some way to provide an evidence base for monitoring progress and aiding policy making decisions for the future. In homicides with victims under the age of 16, where the principal suspect was identified, 31% of suspects were the parent (males: 21%; females: 42%). Figure 5.02: Individuals dealt with formally by the CJS, by sex, 2015 to 2019. In 2018/19, a total of 85,900[footnote 28] adults engaged with liaison and diversion services, of which just over a fifth (21%) were females which is a higher proportion than those arrested (please see arrests section of this chapter). Consistently, the proportion of females who reported experiencing domestic abuse in the last year (7.3%) was twice that of males (3.6%). This proportion was slightly less for females (83%), than for males (85%). Figure 5.01: The journey of males and females through the CJS, 2019. Youth custody data for October 2017 published. , Children can be sentenced to custody in three different establishment types: Young Offender Institutions are for males aged 15-17 only, no females. Youth custody report for August 2016 published. In homicides where the principal suspect was known to the victim, 67% of cases with female victims suspected the partner/ex-partner[footnote 21], whereas when the victim was male, only 9% of cases suspected the partner/ex-partner. , Data for offending history includes both indictable and summary offences - unless otherwise stated. Compared to males, a higher proportion of females reported: self-declared mental health problems, physical disability, having drug and alcohol problems, money worries and housing worries. In 2019, 86% of female offenders were sentenced to a fine with an average fine of 230, compared to 72% of male offenders with an average fine of 302. Figure 1.01: Proportions of males and females throughout the CJS, 2019. Compared to male offenders, a larger proportion of females were given suspended sentences. National Statistics status means that official statistics meet the highest standards of trustworthiness, quality and public value. , This section looks at indictable offences only. , Breakdown by offence type is not available in the CSEW 2019/20 data. Overall, over half of young offenders sentenced or cautioned in the matched cohort had SEN without a statement, 61% for young females and 60% for young males. All data refers to this age group throughout the section, unless stated otherwise. In 2019, over half (55%) of the prosecutions for female defendants were for summary non-motoring offences, compared to under a third (29%) of male defendants. The proportion of females experiencing domestic abuse in 2019/20 was 7.3%, double that of males (3.6%). Sex can be considered to refer to whether someone is male or female based on their physiology, with gender representing a social construct or sense of self that takes a wider range of forms. Dont worry we wont send you spam or share your email address with anyone. A higher proportion of females also reported having a child under 18. In 2019/20, 3.9% of males were victim to personal. Significantly more females were victim to theft from the person, than males. This offence accounted for 30% of all female convictions, compared to 4% of male convictions. , Persistent absence is when a pupil enrolments overall absence equates to 10 per cent or more of their possible sessions. Documents fulfilling this requirement have been published since 1992, in the form of statistical information. , Figures refers only to those with known ethnicity; for this group, ethnicity coverage was 72% in 2019. Publish a time-series of revisions due to errors in our statistical processes and procedures so we can monitor the quality of our outputs. Every effort is made to ensure that the figures presented are accurate and complete. The age distribution of female and male defendants is broadly similar. Females had a higher average number of reoffences per reoffender compared to males, at 4.33 and 3.99, respectively. Some 18 year olds remain in the secure estate for children and young people if they only have a short period of their sentence to serve, to avoid disrupting their regimes. In general, the higher the proportion of students who received FSM, the higher the severity of the disposal category. A copy of this statement can be found at: http://www.justice.gov.uk/downloads/statistics/mojstats/statistics-revisions-policy.pdf. The national divorce rate is 7.6 per 1,000 couples in 2022. When split by sex, larger percentage decreases were seen over the last 5 years for female adults (25%) and children (31%) compared to males (21% and 26% respectively). In 2019, 26% of the 1.25 million defendants of known sex that had a completed case were female. Instances of self-harm per individual was over twice as high for females at 9.3, compared to 4.4 for males. There was also a higher proportion of females with mental health needs, the majority of which were depressive illness which affected 25% of females compared to 20% of males. Offenders under supervision or in custody, Check benefits and financial support you can get, Find out about the Energy Bills Support Scheme, Women and the Criminal Justice System 2019, nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3, Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW): year ending March 2020, Homicide in England and Wales: year ending March 2019, Domestic abuse in England and Wales: year ending March 2019, Nature of Violent Crime in England and Wales: year ending March 2019, CPS Quarterly Data Summaries Quarter 4 2019/20, Police Powers and Procedures, England and Wales, year ending 31 March 2020, Criminal Justice Statistics Quarterly: December 2019, Criminal Justice Statistics quarterly: December 2019, Probation (Community Orders and Suspended Sentence Orders), Discipline in Prison Establishments (Adjudications), Her Majestys Prison and Probation Service, https://www.statisticsauthority.gov.uk/code-of-practice/, Crime in England and Wales Annual Trend and Demographic Tables, Nature of Violent Crime, England and Wales: year ending 2019 (appendix tables), Criminal Court Statistics (annual): January to March 2020, https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/criminal-court-statistics-quarterly-april-to-june-2020/criminal-court-statistics-quarterly-april-to-june-2020, Criminal Court Statistics (quarterly): January to March 2020, Offender management statistics quarterly: January to March 2019, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/930457/Guide-to-proven-reoffending_Oct20.pdf, Source: GCSE and equivalent results: 2013 to 2014 (revised) National tables: Table 3a: GCSE and equivalent entries and achievements of pupils at the end of key stage 4 by type of school and gender, Source: GCSE and equivalent results in England: 2014 to 2015 (revised) Main national tables: Table 3a: GCSE and equivalent entries and achievements of pupils at the end of key stage 4 by type of school and gender, Source: GCSE and equivalent attainment by pupil characteristics: 2014 - National and local authority tables: Table 1, Source: GCSE and equivalent results in England: 2014 to 2015 (revised) Characteristics national tables: Table CH1: GCSE and equivalent entries and achievements of pupils and the end of key stage 4 by pupil characteristics. Figure 7.09: Proportion of young offenders who finished Key Stage 4 in either 2013/14 or 2014/15 who receiving Free School Meals, by gender and disposal category (Source: Table 7.2), Special Educational Needs (SEN)[footnote 104]. , Source: GCSE and equivalent attainment by pupil characteristics: 2014 - National and local authority tables: Table 1, Source: GCSE and equivalent results in England: 2014 to 2015 (revised) Characteristics national tables: Table CH1: GCSE and equivalent entries and achievements of pupils and the end of key stage 4 by pupil characteristics. Having a SEN statement may indicate a higher level of need. To avoid inconsistency in the length of their offending histories, for those with an academic year of 2008/09 their offending data has been considered up to 31 August 2016 and for those with an academic year of 2009/10 it has been considered up to 31 August 2017. 62.9% of custodial fathers are non-Hispanic white men. This chapter explores the nature, extent and risks of victimisation, as reported in the Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW): year ending March 2020[footnote 2][footnote 3][footnote 4][footnote 5], Homicide in England and Wales: year ending March 2019, and associated publications including Domestic abuse in England and Wales: year ending March 2019, and the Nature of Violent Crime in England and Wales: year ending March 2019. Figure 6.01: Prison population, by sex, June 2015 to June 2019. Perceptions of the Criminal Justice System. In fact, statistics are frequently cited that suggest around 90% of women are awarded custody, but they also fail to show that 60% of men get custody in a contested cases. In 2019, the number of individuals who self-harmed per 1,000 prisoners was 335 for females and 148 for males[footnote 67]. The ACSL for male offenders in 2019 was 19.7 months compared to 11.3 months for female offenders. For both young males and young females that received a sentence/caution in the matched offender cohort, over half (57% of males and 61% of females) received Free School Meals (FSM). Data mentioned can be found on the page linked. Figure 5.07: Remand status at Crown Court, by sex, 2015 to 2019, Outcomes for defendants remanded in custody at Crown Court. , Personal crimes are those against an individual that relate to the respondents own personal experience rather than others in the household. Between 2015 and 2019, female children saw the largest decline, a decrease of 35% in prosecutions, compared to a 29% decrease for male children that were prosecuted over the same period. Crime higher concerns legal representation in the Crown Court and above. Mental health needs were higher for young females, the majority of which were for emotional and behavioural issues, affecting 31% of females and 18% of males. The most disturbing though, 27% of fathers have no contact with their children. 2% of crime lower legal aid clients had an unstated sex. Overall, of the young offenders sentenced/cautioned, a smaller proportion of young males (80%) had a record of persistent absence compared to young females (85%). Of the 34,300 defendants convicted for shoplifting, 9,600 (28%) were female. , Where sex is known. , Pupils at the end of Key Stage 4 are typically aged 15 and 16. Reference will usually be made to children by which we refer to individuals aged 10 to 17 years of age[footnote 80][footnote 81]. For both young males and young females that received a sentence/caution in the matched cohort, over half received FSM. Section 95 of the Criminal Justice Act 1991 states that: The Secretary of State shall in each year publish such information as they consider expedient for the purpose of facilitating the performance of those engaged in the administration of justice to avoid discriminating against any persons on the ground of race or sex or any other improper ground. A higher proportion of female defendants were not remanded by police, which may be due in part to the different types of offences for which females and males are prosecuted and hence the risk they are perceived as representing. Analysis of offender characteristics such as SEN and FSM is also based on academic years 2013/14 and 2014/15. The median offence to completion for all individual offence groups is higher for females than males except for violence against the person and theft offences. Cautions issued[footnote 33][footnote 34] like child support and child custody, contested. Of all female offenders cautioned or convicted in 2019, 35% were first time offenders, compared to 22% for males. Conviction ratios were higher for summary offences and as a higher proportion of female offences were summary, this in part explains the higher conviction ratio for female offenders. The most recent annual reoffending data available is for the 2017/18 (i.e. In 2018, the Ministry of Justice published the Female Offender Strategy, which sets out the departments vision and plan to improve outcomes for women in the community and custody. The most recent data in this report are from the Child Support Supplement (CSS) to the April 2018 Current Population Survey (CPS). National Statistics status can be removed at any point when the highest standards are not maintained and reinstated when standards are restored. Defendants with sex not stated accounted for 10% of all court proceedings in 2019, companies and public bodies accounted for 1%. The greater tendency for female first time offenders to be cautioned or convicted for theft aligns with trends for offenders more generally, as discussed in Chapter 4: Police Activity. A decrease in prosecutions was also seen for Class B drug offences (1,000 fewer), benefit fraud (1,500 fewer) and absconding from bail (1,200 fewer). 19.30This breakdown has remained relatively constant over the last 5 years. There are also sections covering statistics on out of court disposals which come from the Criminal Justice Statistics Quarterly: December 2019, published by the Ministry of Justice, and experimental pilot data from national Liaison and Diversion services, as supplied by NHS England. The number of TVLEO prosecutions has decreased for both female (down 30%) and male (down 37%) defendants since 2015, although the decrease between 2018 and 2019 was negligible compared to previous years. This proportion has remained stable over the last 5 years (June 2015 June 2019) despite the overall fall of 18% in the under 18 custody population. Errors in our statistical systems and processes. Email: CJS_Statistics@justice.gov.uk, Alternative formats are available on request from ESD@justice.gov.uk, Available at https://www.statisticsauthority.gov.uk/code-of-practice/, Fieldwork for the year to March 2020 was suspended two weeks early on Wednesday the 18th March 2020, just prior to the lockdown restrictions being announced by the Government on the 23rd March 2020. Penalty Notices for Disorder (PND)[footnote 32] issued. The publication aims to help practitioners, policy makers, academics and members of the public understand trends in the CJS in England and Wales, and how these vary between the sexes and over time. Males were serving longer custodial sentence length. Between 2015 and 2019, offenders of unknown sex comprised less than 1% of offenders. those who deal with civil, family law and criminal cases. For more detailed analysis on out of court disposals, see Chapter 4: Police Activity. Of all female defendants prosecuted at court, 55% were prosecuted for summary non-motoring offences compared to 29% of male defendants in the latest year. Within the Ministry of Justices statistical publications there can be three main reasons for statistics to be revised: Changes in how either source administrative systems collect information or a change in statistical methodology to improve accuracy and measurement. Youth custody data for June 2017 published. The overall levels of FSM eligibility for the cohort was slightly higher for the young female group (61%) compared to the young male group (57%). For more information and statistics on criminal court timeliness please refer to the Criminal Court Statistics (quarterly): January to March 2020 bulletin. , Offenders whose sex was unknown were excluded from all analyses in this section, which might lead to very small inconsistencies with other published statistics on offenders.