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While Peter was boorish [and] totally immature, says historian Janet Hartley, Catherine was an erudite lover of European culture. As Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, Peter planned war against Denmark, Russia's traditional ally against Sweden. AETNUK. [45] The Dzungar genocide which was committed by the Qing state had led many Dzungars to seek sanctuary in the Russian Empire, and it was also one of the reasons for the abrogation of the Treaty of Kyakhta. The attitude of the serfs toward their autocrat had historically been a positive one. She applied herself to learning the Russian language with zeal, rising at night and walking about her bedroom barefoot, repeating her lessons. In the Treaty of Georgievsk (1783), Russia agreed to protect Georgia against any new invasion and further political aspirations of their Persian suzerains. . If all went as planned, according to Massie, the proposed legal code would raise the levels of government administration, of justice, and of tolerance within her empire. But these changes failed to materialize, and Catherines suggestions remained just that. From 1788 to 1790, Russia fought a war against Sweden, a conflict instigated by Catherine's cousin, King Gustav III of Sweden, who expected to overrun the Russian armies still engaged in war against the Ottoman Turks, and hoped to strike Saint Petersburg directly. He was strongly in favour of the adoption of the Austrian three-tier model of trivial, real, and normal schools at the village, town, and provincial capital levels. [44] Another source of tension was the wave of Dzungar Mongol fugitives from the Chinese state who took refuge with the Russians. Book. [42], The Qianlong Emperor of China was committed to an expansionist policy in Central Asia and saw the Russian Empire as a potential rival, making for difficult and unfriendly relations between Beijing and Saint Petersburg. The Hermitage Museum, which now[update] occupies the whole Winter Palace, began as Catherine's personal collection. 2. She believed in the . Poland ceased to exist as an independent nation[130] until its post-WWI reconstitution. Catherine's eldest sonand heirmay have been illegitimate. "The circumstances and cause of death, and the intentions and degree of responsibility of those involved can never be known," wrote Robert K. Massie in his seminal biography, Catherine the Great . The Commonwealth had become the Russian protectorate since the reign of Peter I, but he did not intervene into the problem of political freedoms of dissidents advocating for their religious freedoms only. "[6] Although Sophie was born a princess, her family had very little money. Russia invaded Poland on 26 August 1764, threatening to fight, and imposing Poniatowski as king. Peter supposedly was assassinated, but it is unknown how he died. Catherine and her new husband had a rocky marriage from the start. [17] She became friends with Princess Ekaterina Vorontsova-Dashkova, the sister of her husband's official mistress. Princess Sophie's father, a devout German Lutheran, opposed his daughter's conversion to Eastern Orthodoxy. Rumour and degrading slander became the weapon by which they would take jabs at her legacy. Three of her sons were kings of France . Catherine wanted to become an empress herself and did not want another heir to the throne; however, Empress Elizabeth blackmailed Peter and Catherine to produce this heir. On 16 November 1796, Catherine woke up and followed her usual routine. The positions on the Assembly were appointed and paid for by Catherine and her government as a way of regulating religious affairs. Empress Elizabeth knew the family well and had intended to marry Princess Joanna's brother Charles Augustus (Karl August von Holstein); however, he died of smallpox in 1727 before the wedding could take place. In 1768, she formally became the protector of political rights of dissidents and peasants of the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth, which provoked an anti-Russian uprising in Poland, the Confederation of Bar (17681772), supported by France. Like Empress Elizabeth before her, Catherine had given strict instructions that Ivan was to be killed in the event of any such attempt. Her rise to power was supported by her mother Joanna's wealthy relatives, who were both nobles and royal relations. This raised her in the empress's esteem. On the night of 8 July (OS: 27 June 1762),[22] Catherine was given the news that one of her co-conspirators had been arrested by her estranged husband and that all they had been planning must take place at once. Look at the mirror, however, and an entirely different ruler appears: Her reflection is this private, determined, ambitious Catherine, says Jaques. He also placed great emphasis on the "proper and effectual education of the female sex"; two years prior, Catherine had commissioned Ivan Betskoy to draw up the General Programme for the Education of Young People of Both Sexes. Under her long reign, inspired by the ideas of the Enlightenment, Russia experienced a renaissance of culture and sciences, which led to the founding of many new cities, universities, and theatres; along with large-scale immigration from the rest of Europe and the recognition of Russia as one of the great powers of Europe. Though Russia never officially adopted the Nakaz, the widely distributed 526-article treatise still managed to cement the empress reputation as an enlightened European ruler. A portrait of Catherine the Great by Fedor Rokotov, 1763. Catherine I of Russia. Sedgwick makes her argument . Ostensibly reigning on behalf of Peters heir apparentthe couples 8-year-old son, Paulshe had no intention of yielding the throne once her son came of age. [88] Through him, she collected information from Russia and other countries about educational institutions. A ball was given at the imperial court on 11 September when the engagement was supposed to be announced. [103], Catherine took many different approaches to Islam during her reign. Terms of Use When Catherine agreed to the First Partition of Poland, the large new Jewish element was treated as a separate people, defined by their religion. The double doors opened and the Empress appeared. To become serfs, people conceded their freedoms to a landowner in exchange for their protection and support in times of hardship. For Latin Empress, see, Partitions of PolishLithuanian Commonwealth. [120] By separating the public interests from those of the church, Catherine began a secularisation of the day-to-day workings of Russia. Apply organic citrus and avocado . There was every chance he was going to be assassinated. [32], Peter the Great had succeeded in gaining a toehold in the south, on the edge of the Black Sea, in the Azov campaigns. Possibly the offspring of Catherine and Stanislaus Poniatowski, Anna was born at the Winter Palace between 10 and 11 o'clock; Born at the Winter Palace, he was brought up at, Born many years after the death of Catherine's husband, brought up in the, Empress Catherine appears as a character in, The Empress is parodied in Offenbach's operetta, Lubitsch remade his 1924 silent film as the sound film, The British/Canadian/American TV miniseries, Her rise to power and reign are portrayed in the award-winning, The song "Catherine the Great" from the album, Catherine (portrayed by Meghan Tonjes) is featured in the web series, She appears as a leader of the Russian civilization in. Kamenskii A. Catherines failure to abolish feudalism is often cited as justification for characterizing her as a hypocritical, albeit enlightened, despot. She died of natural causes, of a stroke, when she was 67 years old. The serfs probably followed someone who was pretending to be the true empress because of their feelings of disconnection to Catherine and her policies empowering the nobles, but this was not the first time they followed a pretender under Catherine's reign. Catherine was born in Stettin, Province of Pomerania, Kingdom of Prussia, Holy Roman Empire, as Princess Sophie Friederike Auguste von Anhalt-Zerbst-Dornburg. Ruth P. Dawson, "Perilous News and Hasty Biography: Representations of Catherine II Immediately after her Seizure of the Throne." Catherines success as a ruler was also a driving factor behind the rumours. The period of Catherine the Great's rule is also known as the Catherinian Era. [114] Endowments from the government replaced income from privately held lands. His mother was the daughter of Russia's Peter the Great, and his father the nephew of Sweden's Charles XII. On the following day, the formal betrothal of Catherine and Peter took place and the long-planned dynastic marriage finally occurred on 21 August 1745 in Saint Petersburg. Her male enemies created the legends that still reverberate around todays World Wide Web. Running and games were forbidden, and the building was kept particularly cold because too much warmth was believed to be harmful to the developing body, as was excessive play. The official cause, after an autopsy, was a severe attack of haemorrhoidal colic and an apoplexy stroke.[26]. We will remember him forever. Gavrila Derzhavin, Denis Fonvizin and Ippolit Bogdanovich laid the groundwork for the great writers of the 19th century, especially for Alexander Pushkin. [133] The court physician diagnosed a stroke[133][134] and despite attempts to revive her, she fell into a coma. [52], Catherine made public health a priority. At the same time, she recognized the damage the killing had inflicted on her legacy: My glory is spoilt, she reportedly said. Sophie had turned 16. Her son Pavel later was inoculated as well. The Treaty of Kk Kaynarca, signed 10 July 1774, gave the Russians territories at Azov, Kerch, Yenikale, Kinburn, and the small strip of Black Sea coast between the rivers Dnieper and Bug. Catherine named ahin Giray, a Crimean Tatar leader, to head the Crimean state and maintain friendly relations with Russia. Large sums were paid to Gustav III. She died the next day, leaving her estranged son, Paul I, as Russias next ruler. [123]:119 Catherine bought the support of the bureaucracy. In the first partition, 1772, the three powers split 52,000km2 (20,000sqmi) among them. By 1759, he and Catherine had become lovers; no one told Catherine's husband, the Grand Duke Peter. The Tokugawa shogunate received the mission, but negotiations failed. Yekaterina Alexeevna or Catherine II, also known as Catherine the Great (Russian: II , Yekaterina II Velikaya; 2 May 1729 - 17 November 1796), was the most renowned and the longest-ruling female leader of Russia, reigning from 9 July 1762 until her death in 1796 at the age of 67. She also promoted westernization and modernization for her country, though it was within the context of maintaining . Catherine the Great was Russia's longest-serving female leader. The newlyweds settled in the palace of Oranienbaum, which remained the residence of the "young court" for many years. [9] It was during this period that she first read Voltaire and the other philosophes of the French Enlightenment. [96] However, Catherine continued to investigate the pedagogical principles and practice of other countries and made many other educational reforms, including an overhaul of the Cadet Corps in 1766. At the time of Catherine's reign, the landowning noble class owned the serfs, who were bound to the land they tilled. Its surprising that someone whos waging war with the Ottoman Empire and partitioning Poland and annexing the Crimea has time to make sketches for one of her palaces, but she was very hands on, says Jaques. Catherine separated the Jews from Orthodox society, restricting them to the Pale of Settlement. Whilst she used sex as a tool to broaden and cement her political power, she was far from the nymphomaniac that she was made out to be. Peter III; Catherine II, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg, Christian August, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst, Count Johann Hartwig Ernst von Bernstorff, "Instructions for the Guidance of the Assembly", Princess Wilhelmina Louisa of Hesse-Darmstadt, Duchess Sophie Auguste of Holstein-Gottorp, Christian Albert, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, Duke Christian August of Holstein-Gottorp, Princess Frederica Amalia of Denmark and Norway, Duchess Johanna Elisabeth of Holstein-Gottorp, Princess Albertina Frederica of Baden-Durlach, Duchess Auguste Marie of Holstein-Gottorp, "Religion and Enlightenment in Catherinian Russia: The Teachings of Metropolitan Platon by Elise Kimerling Wirtschafter", Christian August (Frst von Anhalt-Zerbst), "Coronation of the Empress Catherine II [ , II-]", "Slave Trade in the Early Modern Crimea From the Perspective of Christian, Muslim, and Jewish Sources", "ahin Girey, the Reformer Khan, and the Russian Annexation of the Crimea", "Doctor Thomas Dimsdale, and Smallpox in Russia: The Variolation of the Empress Catherine the Great", "Naive Monarchism and Rural Resistance In Contemporary Russia", "Catherine II, Potemkin, and Colonization Policy in Southern Russia", "Herzog Friedrich Eugen (1732-1797) - Briefwechsel des Herzogs mit dem kaiserlichen Hause von Russland, 1768-1795 - 1.